Pattern of movement and the pre- and post-start activation phase during the sprint start in the low-distance athletic run

Piechota, Katarzyna; Borysiuk, Zbigniew; Błaszczyszyn, Monika

doi:10.1080/24748668.2017.1409500

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Whilst muscle excitation can vary considerably between individuals [25], it typically commences prior to horizontal force production against the blocks [25, 38], and the earlier onset of muscle excitation relative to the onset of force production has been positively correlated with maximal horizontal block force and block velocity magnitudes [25]. The rear leg gluteus maximus is typically the first muscle excited during the block phase [25, 52], followed by the rear leg semitendinosus [61] and biceps femoris, and then the quadriceps and calf muscles [25, 51]. The rear leg quadriceps are typically only excited during the early part of the rear leg push; excitation ceases prior to rear block exit to keep this foot clear of the track during the subsequent rear leg swing [51, 52], which may explain the sequencing of peak angular velocities in the rear leg.…”

Section: The Push Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rear leg quadriceps are typically only excited during the early part of the rear leg push; excitation ceases prior to rear block exit to keep this foot clear of the track during the subsequent rear leg swing [51, 52], which may explain the sequencing of peak angular velocities in the rear leg. Whilst the vastii muscles are relatively highly excited during the rear leg push, rectus femoris excitation is less evident [61], which could be due to the importance of rear hip extension during this phase. Towards rear block exit, only the biceps femoris and calf muscles remain excited [51], which is consistent with knee extension being arrested but hip extension and ankle plantarflexion continuing.…”

Section: The Push Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…After each foot has exited its respective block, the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscles are excited in both legs during their respective early swing phases [51] in order to assist hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. For the rear block leg, rectus femoris excitation ceases by mid-swing [51, 61] and is replaced by biceps femoris excitation, which may work with the gluteus maximus to assist the reduction of foot touchdown velocity [25, 52, 69]. Several extensor muscles (soleus, gastrocnemius, rectus femoris and the vastii group) are excited just prior to ground contact [51], and whilst these remain highly excited at first stance touchdown, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior excitation cease around touchdown [51].…”

Section: The First Flight and Stancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biomechanics of the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Narrative Review

2019

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The start from blocks is a fundamental component of all track and field sprint events (≤ 400 m). This narrative review focusses on biomechanical aspects of the block phase and the subsequent first flight and stance phases. We discuss specific features of technique and how they may be important for a high level of performance during the start. The need to appropriately quantify performance is discussed first; external power has recently become more frequently adopted because it provides a single measure that appropriately accounts for the requirement to increase horizontal velocity as much as possible in as little time as possible. In the "set" position, a relatively wide range of body configurations are adopted by sprinters irrespective of their ability level, and between-sprinter differences in these general positions do not appear to be directly associated with block phase performance. Greater average force production during the push against the blocks, especially from the rear leg and particularly the hip, appears to be important for performance. Immediately after exiting the blocks, shorter first flight durations and longer first stance durations (allowing more time to generate propulsive force) are found in sprinters of a higher performance level. During the first stance phase, the ankle and knee both appear to play an important role in energy generation, and higher levels of performance may be associated with a stiffer ankle joint and the ability to extend the knee throughout stance. However, the role of the sprinter's body configuration at touchdown remains unclear, and the roles of strength and anatomy in these associations between technique and performance also remain largely unexplored. Other aspects such as the sex, age and performance level of the studied sprinters, as well as issues with measurement and comparisons with athletes with amputations, are also briefly considered.

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Section: The Push Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Push Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The First Flight and Stancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biomechanics of the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Narrative Review

2019

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“…We are aware of many recent studies by sophisticated methods like Piechota et al, (2017) or Nagahara et al, (2019), but we insist that the applicative simplicity of the mathematical model and presented results indicate that that the model can be used as a solid basis for further research related to sprinter running, both for men and women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical model of the influence of the time of start reaction in 100 m sprint run

Janjić¹,

Kapor²,

Doder³

et al. 2021

KJS publishes peer-review articles in Mathematics, Computer Sci

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The purpose of this study is to explain the influence of the time of start reaction tR to the results of sprinters in a 100 m run, using a new simple mathematical model based on the measured values for distance s, corresponding time t, and tR. The research is based on IAAF data obtained by measuring the segment length, the time of start reaction, transient times in 100 m run, and final times for the top sprinters C. Lewis (1988); M. Green (2011), and U. Bolt (2009) (men) and F. Griffith-Joyner (1988); E. Ashford (1988), and H. Drechsler (1988) (women). The values of the start reaction tR for both male and female top sprinters indicate that there appear no substantial differences in the values of tR based on gender which would directly favor male or female sprinters in achieving the top results in the 100m run. The influence of the time of start reaction tR decreases exponentially with the time t during the run (t>tR) and ends up at about 30 m, influencing the initial velocity vR although it is not directly related to the result of the run. Due to its applicative simplicity, the presented mathematical model and related conclusions can represent a solid basis for future studies concerning sprint running.

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