Pattern of localization in ‘precentral’ motor cortex of raccoon

Hardin, William B.; Arumugasamy, N; Jameson, H. Douglas

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(68)90149-2

Cited by 41 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Area 4 is primarily defined by the absence of a granular cell layer IV and the presence of giant and large pyramidal cells in layer V. In the somatosensory cortex, area 3a is characterized by the presence of a granular cell layer IV and small pyramidal cells located in layer V [Hassler and Muhs-Clement, 1964]. The dorsal bank of the cruciate sulcus contains large and giant pyramidal cells in layer V consistent with cytoarchitectonic area 4 and the primary motor cortex as mapped in other carnivores [Hardin et al, 1968;Gorska, 1974;Nieoullon and Rispal-Padel, 1976] ( fig. 4 ).…”

Section: Delineation Of Brain Regions In Virtual Endocastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anterior cortex, specifically, the frontal cortex is defined in primates as cortex rostral to the central sulcus. However, the central sulcus is absent in carnivores and its putative homologue, the postcruciate dimple or sulcus, which delimits the boundary between motor and somatosensory cortex in some carnivores [Hardin et al, 1968;Gorska, 1974], is not present in all carnivore species and, where present, can be highly variable between hemispheres, even within the same individual [Hassler and Muhs-Clement, 1964;Kawamura, 1971]. Here, we use the cruciate sulcus as a landmark for demarcating anterior from posterior cerebrum, as it is a prominent feature that demonstrates less intra-and interspecific variation than the postcruciate dimple [Radinsky, 1969;Myasnikov et al, 1997].…”

Section: Delineation Of Brain Regions In Virtual Endocastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pride Diaries: Sex, Brain Size and Sociality in the African Lion (Panthera leo) and Cougar (Puma concolor)

Arsznov

Sakai

2012

Brain Behav Evol

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The purpose of this study was to examine if differences in social life histories correspond to intraspecific variation in total or regional brain volumes in the African lion (Panthera leo) and cougar (Puma concolor). African lions live in gregarious prides usually consisting of related adult females, their dependent offspring, and a coalition of immigrant males. Upon reaching maturity, male lions enter a nomadic and often, solitary phase in their lives, whereas females are mainly philopatric and highly social throughout their lives. In contrast, the social life history does not differ between male and female cougars; both are solitary. Three-dimensional virtual endocasts were created using computed tomography from the skulls of 14 adult African lions (8 male, 6 female) and 14 cougars (7 male, 7 female). Endocranial volume and basal skull length were highly correlated in African lions (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) and in cougars (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Analyses of total endocranial volume relative to skull length revealed no sex differences in either African lions or cougars. However, relative anterior cerebrum volume comprised primarily of frontal cortex and surface area was significantly greater in female African lions than males, while relative posterior cerebrum volume and surface area was greater in males than females. These differences were specific to the neocortex and were not found in the solitary cougar, suggesting that social life history is linked to sex-specific neocortical patterns in these species. We further hypothesize that increased frontal cortical volume in female lions is related to the need for greater inhibitory control in the presence of a dominant male aggressor.

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Section: Delineation Of Brain Regions In Virtual Endocastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Delineation Of Brain Regions In Virtual Endocastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pride Diaries: Sex, Brain Size and Sociality in the African Lion (Panthera leo) and Cougar (Puma concolor)

Arsznov

Sakai

2012

Brain Behav Evol

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“…According to the 'principle of proper mass', the importance of a function to a species is related to the amount of neural tissue devoted to that function [Jerison, 1973]. For example, the raccoon, noted for the dexterous use of its forepaws, possesses an enlarged representation of the forepaw in its somatosensory [Welker and Seidenstein, 1959] and motor cortex [Hardin et al, 1968]. Thus, greater relative expanse of a particular brain region is indicative of greater behavioral capacity associated with that brain region.…”

Section: Sex Differences In the Adult Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In primates, frontal cortex includes cortex rostral to the central sulcus, but the central sulcus is absent in carnivores. Another potential landmark, the post-cruciate dimple, delimits the boundary between motor and somatosensory cortex in some carnivores [Hardin et al, 1968;Gorska, 1974]. However, the post-cruciate dimple is not present in all carnivore species and, where present, can be highly variable between hemispheres, even within the same individual [Hassler and Muhs-Clement, 1964;Kawamura, 1971].…”

Section: Delineation Of Brain Regions In Virtual Endocastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and the Frontal Cortex: A Developmental CT Study in the Spotted Hyena

et al. 2010

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The purpose of this study was to examine developmental and individual variation in total endocranial volume and regional brain volumes, including the anterior cerebrum, posterior cerebrum and cerebellum/brain stem, in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). The spotted hyena is a highly gregarious animal noted for living in large, hierarchically organized groups. The social lives of male and female spotted hyenas do not differ until after puberty, when males disperse from the natal group, while females remain philopatric. Here we sought to determine whether the divergent life histories of male and female spotted hyenas are linked to differences in brain size or organization. Three-dimensional virtual endocasts were created using computed tomography from 46 spotted hyenas skulls (23 females, 22 males, 1 unknown sex) ranging in age from 1 day to 18 years. Brain volume and skull length were highly correlated (r = 0.91), and both reached asymptotic values by 34 months of age. Analyses of total endocranial volume (relative to skull length) and cerebellum/brain stem volume (relative to total endocranial volume) revealed no sex differences. However, relative anterior cerebrum volume, comprised mainly of frontal cortex, was significantly greater in adult males than adult females, and relative posterior cerebrum volume was greater in adult females than adult males. We hypothesize that the demands of neural processing underlying enhanced social cognition required for successful male transfer between matriarchical social groups at dispersal may be greater than cognitive demands on philopatric females.

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“…Functional mapping studies of the pericruciate region have shown that the postcruciate dimple or sulcus serves as the boundary between the caudally located somatosensory cortex and the rostrally located primary motor cortex in the dog [Gorska, 1974] and raccoon [Hardin et al, 1968]. The pericruciate region has not been explored electrophysiologically in any hyena species.…”

Section: External Brain Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Size and Social Complexity: A Computed Tomography Study in Hyaenidae

et al. 2011

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The social brain hypothesis posits that the demands of living in complex social groups require increased neural processing, and that this underlies the expansion of brain areas involved in mediation of complex social behavior. However, much of the support for the social brain hypothesis is derived from comparative studies in primates. If large brains evolved as a result of selection pressures imposed by life within complex societies, as the social brain hypothesis predicts, then gregarious nonprimate species should possess large brains and exhibit comparable expansion of brain areas mediating social behavior. Our purpose here was to test a prediction of the social brain hypothesis – that increased brain size is related to social complexity – by examining species in the carnivore family Hyaenidae. Hyaenidae contains 4 extant species that span a spectrum of social complexity: the aardwolf (Proteles cristata) is solitary during the nonbreeding season, and forms monogamous pairs during the breeding season; the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) lives solitarily or in small groups; the brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) lives in groups of up to 14 individuals; and the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) lives in complex hierarchically organized groups containing up to 90 animals. Computed tomography was used to create three-dimensional endocasts based on serial analysis of coronal sections of the adult endocranium. The largest brain volume, relative to body size, is found in the spotted hyena. We found no significant variation in relative brain volume among striped hyenas, brown hyenas, and aardwolves. The spotted hyena also possesses a larger anterior cerebrum volume relative to total brain volume than is found in the other hyena species; this region is composed primarily of frontal cortex. These data are consistent with the idea that expansion of the frontal cortex is driven by the demands of processing cognitive information associated with complex social lives, but other factors may drive the evolution of large brains in hyaenids.

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Pattern of localization in ‘precentral’ motor cortex of raccoon

Cited by 41 publications

References 15 publications

Pride Diaries: Sex, Brain Size and Sociality in the African Lion (Panthera leo) and Cougar (Puma concolor)

Pride Diaries: Sex, Brain Size and Sociality in the African Lion (Panthera leo) and Cougar (Puma concolor)

Sex and the Frontal Cortex: A Developmental CT Study in the Spotted Hyena

Brain Size and Social Complexity: A Computed Tomography Study in Hyaenidae

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