Pattern of childhood psychiatric disorders in Port Harcourt, Niger-Delta region of Nigeria (January 1999 - December 2002)

Stanley, PC; Eneh, AU; Essien, AA

doi:10.4314/njm.v14i1.37141

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…[1,4] Also there was a high prevalence (60%) of childhood epilepsy in the CAMH Unit. The prevalence is higher than that reported by Ogun et al, [5] (45.3%) Stanley et al, [6] (2.9%) from psychiatric units in southern Nigeria. Visit to a psychiatric institution for medical consultation has been associated with stigmatization in the country.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…[1] The search has also resulted in seeking for remedies in any available orthodox setting such as a psychiatric setting, more so, when the condition could be associated with psychiatric co morbidities. [5,6] Management of epilepsy in a psychiatric setting could present its own set of challenges considering that epilepsy is not primarily a psychiatric disorder and the stigma associated with patronizing a psychiatric hospital in our environment. [5] However, the patronage provides an opportunity to further identify and characterize the challenges confronting provision of care to children with epilepsy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

2013

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

2013

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“…Alterations in PME and PDE in SZ are also debated 38,41 ; because these 2 metabolites are precursors and break down products of cell membrane metabolism, respectively, they may also reflect bioenergetic abnormalities related to cell membrane metabolism. Freely mobile PME levels may be reduced 3,6,39,42,43 or normal 44,45 in both chronic and first-episode patients with SZ, while PDE levels may be elevated 3,6,39,42,43 or low or normal 46,47 in the same groups. Most studies report reduced PME and elevated PDE in SZ, consistent with accelerated phospholipid metabolism in this condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Evidence for Cerebral Bioenergetic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Measured Using³¹P Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy

Cooper

Thida

et al. 2014

JAMA Psychiatry

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IMPORTANCE Abnormalities in neural activity and cerebral bioenergetics have been observed in schizophrenia (SZ). Further defining energy metabolism anomalies would provide crucial information about molecular mechanisms underlying SZ and may be valuable for developing novel treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE To investigate cerebral bioenergetics in SZ via measurement of creatine kinase activity using in vivo 31 P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional case-control study in the setting of clinical services and a brain imaging center of an academic psychiatric hospital. Twenty-six participants with chronic SZ (including a subgroup diagnosed as having schizoaffective disorder) and 26 age-matched and sex-matched healthy control subjects (25 usable magnetic resonance spectroscopy data sets from the latter). INTERVENTION 31 P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measure was the forward rate constant (k f) of the creatine kinase enzyme in the frontal lobe. We also collected independent measures of brain intracellular pH and steady-state metabolite ratios of high-energy phosphate-containing compounds (phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]), inorganic phosphate, and the 2 membrane phospholipids phosphodiester and phosphomonoester. RESULTS A substantial (22%) and statistically significant (P = .003) reduction in creatine kinase k f was observed in SZ. In addition, intracellular pH was significantly reduced (7.00 in the SZ group vs 7.03 in the control group, P = .007) in this condition. The phosphocreatine to ATP ratio, inorganic phosphate to ATP ratio, and phosphomonoester to ATP ratio were not substantially altered in SZ, but a significant (P = .02) reduction was found in the phosphodiester to ATP ratio. The abnormalities were similar between SZ and schizoaffective disorder. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using a novel 31 P magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy approach, we provide direct and compelling evidence for a specific bioenergetic abnormality in SZ. Reduced k f of the creatine kinase enzyme is consistent with an abnormality in storage and use of brain energy. The intracellular pH reduction suggests a relative increase in the contribution of glycolysis to ATP synthesis, providing convergent evidence for bioenergetic abnormalities in SZ. The similar phosphocreatine to ATP ratios in SZ and healthy controls suggest that the underlying bioenergetics abnormality is not associated with change in this metabolite ratio.

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“…In a review of childhood psychiatric disorders in Port Harcourt, South-south Nigeria over a 4-year period, Stanley et al [10] noted that 25% of 411 patients had a substance-related psychiatric disorder. Alcohol and cannabis were the substance most commonly implicated in these patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health of adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances in Enugu, Nigeria - A cross-sectional study

Igwe

Ojinnaka

2010

Ital J Pediatr

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BackgroundAssociation between psychiatric morbidity and substance abuse among adolescent has been reported. However prevalence and pattern of such dysfunctions are unknown in our environment.AimsTo determine the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction and depressive symptoms among adolescents who abuse substance and also note the influence of socio-demographic factors and type of substance on the pattern of dysfuction.MethodA cross-sectional study was carried out among 900 adolescents selected from 29 secondary schools in Enugu metropolis. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select the students. The student drug use questionnaire was used to screen respondents for substance abuse. Those who were abusing substance and matched controls (non substance abusers) were assessed for psychiatric symptoms using the 35-item Paediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Social classification was done using the parental educational attainment and occupation.ResultA total of 290 students were current substance abusers. The substances most commonly abused were alcohol (31.6%), cola nitida (kola nut) (20.7%) and coffee (15.7%). Using the PSC scale, 70 (24.1%) subjects compared to 29 (10.7%) of the controls had scores in the morbidity range of ≥ 28 for psychosocial dysfuction. This was statistically significant (χ2 = 17.57 p = 0.001). Fifty-four subjects (18.6%) had scores in the morbidity range of ≥ 50 for depressive symptoms using the Zung SDS compared to 21 (7.7%) of controls. This was statistically significant (χ2 = 14.43, p = 0.001). Prevalence of dysfunction was not significantly related to age in both subjects and controls (χ2 = 4.62, p = 0.010, χ2 = 4.8, p = 0.10 respectively). Also using both scales, there was no significant relationship between psychosocial dysfunction and gender or social class in both subjects and control. The prevalence of dysfuction using both scales was significantly higher in multiple abusers compared to single abusers. Subjects abusing alcohol scored more on both scales compared to those abusing other substances.ConclusionPrevalence of psychosocial dysfunction is higher in adolescents abusing substance compare to controls. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was not related to the age, gender or social classes in the study population.We advocate periodic screening of our adolescents for drug abuse regular evaluation of such group for possible psychopathology.

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Pattern of childhood psychiatric disorders in Port Harcourt, Niger-Delta region of Nigeria (January 1999 - December 2002)

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

In Vivo Evidence for Cerebral Bioenergetic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Measured Using³¹P Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy

Mental health of adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances in Enugu, Nigeria - A cross-sectional study

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Pattern of childhood psychiatric disorders in Port Harcourt, Niger-Delta region of Nigeria (January 1999 - December 2002)

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

Childhood epilepsy in a tropical child psychiatric unit: Challenges of providing care in a resource-constrained environment

In Vivo Evidence for Cerebral Bioenergetic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Measured Using31P Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy

Mental health of adolescents who abuse psychoactive substances in Enugu, Nigeria - A cross-sectional study

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In Vivo Evidence for Cerebral Bioenergetic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Measured Using³¹P Magnetization Transfer Spectroscopy