“…Brands may also be forced to reposition themselves due to the changing marketing environment. Repositioning can consist of changing/renewing existing associations, incorporating completely new associations and/or omitting existing Theoretical support: Aversa et al, 2017;Boardman et al, 2020;Cao et al, 2018;Foss and Saebi, 2018;Hacklin, et al, 2018;Heine and Gutsatz, 2015;Logman, 2013;Parguel, 2020;Saebi et al, 2017;Signori and Guercini, 2019;Snihur and Tarzijan, 2018;Todeschini et al, 2017;Varley et associations (Avery, 2012;Gaustad et al, 2019;Muzellec and Lambkin, 2006;Marques et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2018). But sometimes, new brand associations may spontaneously emerge, as the business model behind the brand is optimized.…”