Patient-specific factors affecting hospital costs in lumbar spine surgery

Abstract

<jats:sec> <jats:title>OBJECT</jats:title> <jats:p>Health care-related costs after lumbar spine surgery vary depending on procedure type and patient characteristics. Age, body mass index (BMI), number of spinal levels, and presence of comorbidities probably have significant effects on overall costs. The present study assessed the impact of patient characteristics on hospital costs in patients undergoing elective lumbar decompressive spine surgery.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>METHODS</jats:title> <jats:p>This study was a retrospective review of elective lumbar decompression surgeries, with a focus on specific patient characteristics to determine which factors drive postoperative, hospital-related costs. Records between January 2010 and July 2012 were searched retrospectively. Only elective lumbar decompressions including discectomy or laminectomy were included. Cost data were obtained using a database that allows standardization of a list of hospital costs to the fiscal year 2013–2014. The relationship between cost and patient factors including age, BMI, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System grade were analyzed using Student t-tests, ANOVA, and multivariate regression analyses.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>RESULTS</jats:title> <jats:p>There were 1201 patients included in the analysis, with a mean age of 61.6 years. Sixty percent of patients in the study were male. Laminectomies were performed in 557 patients (46%) and discectomies in 644 (54%). Laminectomies led to an increased hospital stay of 1.4 days (p &lt; 0.001) and increased hospital costs by $1523 (p &lt; 0.001) when compared with discectomies. For laminectomies, age, BMI, ASA grade, number of levels, and durotomy all led to significantly increased hospital costs and length of stay on univariate analysis, but ASA grade and presence of a durotomy did not maintain significance on multivariate analysis for hospital costs. For a laminectomy, patient age ≥ 65 years was associated with a 0.6-day increased length of stay and a $945 increase in hospital costs when compared with patient age &lt; 65 years (p &lt; 0.001). A durotomy during a laminectomy increased length of stay by 1.0 day and increased hospital costs by $1382 (p &lt; 0.03). For discectomies, age, ASA grade, and durotomy were significantly associated with increased hospital costs on univariate analysis, but BMI was not. Only age and presence of a durotomy maintained significance on multivariate analysis. There was a significant increase in hospital length of stay in patients undergoing discectomy with increasing age, BMI, ASA grade, and presence of a durotomy on univariate analysis. However, only age and presence of a durotomy maintained significance on multivariate analysis. For discectomies, age ≥ 65 years was associated with a 0.7-day increased length of stay (p &lt; 0.001) and an increase of $931 in postoperative hospital costs (p &lt; 0.01) when compared with age &lt; 65 years.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS</jats:title> <jats:p>Patient factors such as age, BMI, and comorbidities have significant and measurable effects on the postoperative hospital costs of elective lumbar decompression spinal surgeries. Knowledge of how these factors affect costs will become important as reimbursement models change.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Cardiovascular risk factors in Chiari malformation and idiopathic intracranial hypertension

“…However, there is no significant association between the extent of tonsillar ectopy or any other radiological features and the ICP parameters (Frič & Eide, 2015, 2016), a fact suggesting a possible role of other factors contributing to the reduced ICC in CMI.…”

“…There is also still a limited understanding of pathophysiology behind both CMI and IIH. The elevated pulsatile intracranial pressure (ICP), indicative of reduced intracranial compliance (ICC), has been documented in treatment‐responsive individuals with CMI (Frič & Eide, 2015) or IIH (Eide & Kerty, 2011; Frič & Eide, 2016). The reduced ICC is a result of the disturbed cerebrospinal (CSF) circulation that has changed the relation between intracranial pressure and volume, that is, the pressure–volume reserve capacity (Eide, 2016).…”

“…The CMI and IIH patients included in this study had undergone overnight monitoring of pulsatile ICP, as previously described (Eide & Sorteberg, 2010; Frič & Eide, 2016). We dichotomized patients according to threshold for abnormal pulsatile ICP, that is, mean ICP wave amplitude (MWA) >4 mmHg on average during an overnight monitoring, and >5 mmHg during more than 10% of the recording time (Eide & Sorteberg, 2010).…”

“…Chiari malformation type 1 (CMI), characterized by idiopathic caudal ectopy of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum (Milhorat et al., 1999), and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) (Friedman, Liu, & Digre, 2013) are traditionally considered to be two distinct clinical entities, although some common clinical, radiological, and pathophysiological features have been noticed (Bejjani, 2003; Frič & Eide, 2016). In particular, disturbed cerebrospinal fluid circulation (CSF) resulting in reduced intracranial compliance (ICC) has been demonstrated as a characteristic feature of both CMI and IIH (Eide & Kerty, 2011; Frič & Eide, 2015, 2016).…”

“…In particular, disturbed cerebrospinal fluid circulation (CSF) resulting in reduced intracranial compliance (ICC) has been demonstrated as a characteristic feature of both CMI and IIH (Eide & Kerty, 2011; Frič & Eide, 2015, 2016). …”