Patient, procedural, and hardware factors associated with pacemaker lead failures in pediatrics and congenital heart disease

Impact of transvenous ventricular pacing leads on tricuspid regurgitation in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients

“…One reason we hypothesized why TR may increase in children is because children grow after lead placement (10,11). In the present cohort, overall change in height was 9.5 cm from lead implantation to the last echo; however, in patients less than 18 years of age at the time of lead placement, the median change in height was 10.9 cm.…”

Complications of Pacemaker Implantation

“…Atrial lead dislodgment occurs more commonly than ventricular dislodgements in the early period (Chauhan et al, 2005). The incidence of early dislodgement of a ventricular lead in a DDD PM was 0.5 to 2.5% (Aggarwal et al, 1995;Fortescue et al, 2004). Lead dislodgment occurs less commonly as a consequence of advancements in pacing lead placement and lead design.…”

Pacing Therapy in Infants and Children with Congenital and Acquired Complete Atrioventricular Block: Optimal Pacing Strategies, Management, and Follow-up

“…Although, the epicardial approach remains essential in children with congenital heart disease in whom venous access is not available, a transvenous lead system is most commonly advocated in children of adequate size (Fortescue et al, 2004;Kammeraad et al, 2004). An endocardial pacing system is preferably implanted in children weighing more than 15 kg (Fortescue et al, 2004;Alexander 2004), although implantation at a smaller patient size has been reported (Kammeraad et al, 2004;Sachweh et al, 2000). Several patient and lead related features should be weighed before an optimal decision regarding an epicardial or endocardial lead system can be made.…”