“…For instance, the Model of Communicative Proficiency (MCP) was used in a study to frame the findings but there was no consideration of its integration into the study methodology [ 60 ]. Exceptions to this were (n = 3) using the Andersen Behavioural Model [ 64 ], Explanatory Models of Illness (EMI) [ 41 ], and Alimo-Metcalfe and Alban-Metcalfe Model of Transformational Leadership [ 26 ]. The use of these theories/models/frameworks were thoroughly described and were incorporated in the design, analysis, and results synthesis and interpretation.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multiple justifications were reported for the use of theories/ models/frameworks however, reporting was inconsistent, for example multiple studies simply mentioned that the theory/ model/framework guided the development of the data collection tool [32,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. Beyond this, 14 studies provided a description of the theory/model/framework constructs and/ or assumptions but without connecting it to the research question [28,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”
Section: Justification For Theories/models/framework Selectedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies that combined multiple theories/models/frameworks cited their potential synergies as the chief driver for their combined use (n = 3) [35,36,72] however six studies did not provide a rationale for the combination [37,41,42,[73][74][75].…”
Section: Justification For Theories/models/framework Selectedmentioning
Background
Pharmacy practice research often focuses on the design, implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services and interventions. The use of behavioural theory in intervention research allows understanding of interventions’ mechanisms of action and are more likely to result in effective and sustained interventions.
Aim
To collate, summarise and categorise the reported behavioural frameworks, models and theories used in pharmacy practice research.
Method
PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and EBSCO (CINAHL PLUS, British Education index, ERIC) were systematically searched to capture all pharmacy practice articles that had reported the use of behavioural frameworks, theories, or models since inception of the database. Results were filtered to include articles published in English in pharmacy practice journals. Full-text screening and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the data was adopted. Studies were reviewed for alignment to the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework to identify in which phase(s) of the research that the theory/model/framework had been employed.
Results
Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria; a trend indicating an increasing frequency of behavioural theory/frameworks/models within pharmacy practice research was identified; the most frequently reported were Theory of Planned Behaviour and Theoretical Domains Framework. Few studies provided explicit and comprehensive justification for adopting a specific theory/model/framework and description of how it underpinned the research was lacking. The majority were investigations exploring determinants of behaviours, or facilitators and barriers to implementing or delivering a wide range of pharmacy services and initiatives within a variety of clinical settings (aligned to Phase 1 UK MRC framework).
Conclusion
This review serves as a useful resource for future researchers to inform their investigations. Greater emphasis to adopt a systematic approach in the reporting of the use of behavioural theories/models/frameworks will benefit pharmacy practice research and will support researchers in utilizing behavioural theories/models/framework in aspects of pharmacy practice research beyond intervention development.
“…For instance, the Model of Communicative Proficiency (MCP) was used in a study to frame the findings but there was no consideration of its integration into the study methodology [ 60 ]. Exceptions to this were (n = 3) using the Andersen Behavioural Model [ 64 ], Explanatory Models of Illness (EMI) [ 41 ], and Alimo-Metcalfe and Alban-Metcalfe Model of Transformational Leadership [ 26 ]. The use of these theories/models/frameworks were thoroughly described and were incorporated in the design, analysis, and results synthesis and interpretation.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multiple justifications were reported for the use of theories/ models/frameworks however, reporting was inconsistent, for example multiple studies simply mentioned that the theory/ model/framework guided the development of the data collection tool [32,[37][38][39][40][41][42]. Beyond this, 14 studies provided a description of the theory/model/framework constructs and/ or assumptions but without connecting it to the research question [28,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55].…”
Section: Justification For Theories/models/framework Selectedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies that combined multiple theories/models/frameworks cited their potential synergies as the chief driver for their combined use (n = 3) [35,36,72] however six studies did not provide a rationale for the combination [37,41,42,[73][74][75].…”
Section: Justification For Theories/models/framework Selectedmentioning
Background
Pharmacy practice research often focuses on the design, implementation and evaluation of pharmacy services and interventions. The use of behavioural theory in intervention research allows understanding of interventions’ mechanisms of action and are more likely to result in effective and sustained interventions.
Aim
To collate, summarise and categorise the reported behavioural frameworks, models and theories used in pharmacy practice research.
Method
PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and EBSCO (CINAHL PLUS, British Education index, ERIC) were systematically searched to capture all pharmacy practice articles that had reported the use of behavioural frameworks, theories, or models since inception of the database. Results were filtered to include articles published in English in pharmacy practice journals. Full-text screening and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the data was adopted. Studies were reviewed for alignment to the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) framework to identify in which phase(s) of the research that the theory/model/framework had been employed.
Results
Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria; a trend indicating an increasing frequency of behavioural theory/frameworks/models within pharmacy practice research was identified; the most frequently reported were Theory of Planned Behaviour and Theoretical Domains Framework. Few studies provided explicit and comprehensive justification for adopting a specific theory/model/framework and description of how it underpinned the research was lacking. The majority were investigations exploring determinants of behaviours, or facilitators and barriers to implementing or delivering a wide range of pharmacy services and initiatives within a variety of clinical settings (aligned to Phase 1 UK MRC framework).
Conclusion
This review serves as a useful resource for future researchers to inform their investigations. Greater emphasis to adopt a systematic approach in the reporting of the use of behavioural theories/models/frameworks will benefit pharmacy practice research and will support researchers in utilizing behavioural theories/models/framework in aspects of pharmacy practice research beyond intervention development.
“…Kepatuhan minum obat belum mencapai target meskipun telah meningkat pada bulan kedua. Hasil ini sejalan dengan beberapa studi mengenai promosi kesehatan pada keluarga, yang menghasilkan perbaikan gaya hidup yang lebih baik, daripada promosi kesehatan pada individu (BeLue, 2017;Jonkman et al, 2020;Schmidt et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2019). Kepatuhan minum obat pada orang dengan hipertensi merupakan suatu tantangan.…”
Manajemen hipertensi secara individual masih dianggap belum cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan keteraturan pengobatan penderita. Program pencegahan hipertensi berbasis keluarga diharapkan mampu mengatasi masalah keteraturan pengobatan, pencegahan komplikasi dan meningkatkan perubahan gaya hidup ke arah yang lebih sehat. Sebuah Rukun Warga (RW) di Penjaringan dibina dalam program komprehensif BERANI (BERsama melawaN hipertensI) yang mengikutsertakan puskesmas, kader kesehatan, akademisi dan keluarga penderita hipertensi. Sebanyak 178 rumah tangga dengan penderita hipertensi dari 631 rumah tangga terdaftar setuju mengikuti kegiatan program. Selain itu, rumah tangga tanpa penderita hipertensi (n=453) juga difasilitasi dalam kegiatan skrining Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) berkelanjutan untuk penduduk usia 15 tahun ke atas melalui pos pelayanan terpadu. Monitoring tekanan darah, keteraturan pengobatan, pencatatan aktivitas fisik dan evaluasi diet tinggi serat di lakukan oleh kader kesehatan pada keluarga hipertensi tiap bulannya. Setelah dua bulan berjalan, peningkatan monitoring tekanan darah, frekuensi makan sayur buah dan aktivitas fisik sesuai dengan target yang ditetapkan. Keteraturan pengobatan belum mencapai target meskipun peningkatan terjadi di bulan kedua. Peserta pos pemeriksaan terpadu sebagai pos skrining untuk rumah tangga tanpa hipertensi juga mencapai target bulanan yang telah ditetapkan. Dukungan kepala wilayah, kader kesehatan dan pusat kesehatan masyarakat setempat sangat bermakna dalam keberhasilan program. Pendekatan keluarga efektif dalam meningkatkan monitoring tekanan darah penderita, mendukung keteraturan berobat serta meningkatkan pola hidup yang lebih sehat.Manajemen hipertensi secara individual masih dianggap belum cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan keteraturan pengobatan penderita. Program pencegahan hipertensi berbasis keluarga diharapkan mampu mengatasi masalah keteraturan pengobatan, pencegahan komplikasi dan meningkatkan perubahan gaya hidup ke arah yang lebih sehat. Sebuah Rukun Warga (RW) di Penjaringan dibina dalam program komprehensif BERANI (BERsama melawaN hipertensI) yang mengikutsertakan puskesmas, kader kesehatan, akademisi dan keluarga penderita hipertensi. Sebanyak 178 rumah tangga dengan penderita hipertensi dari 631 rumah tangga terdaftar setuju mengikuti kegiatan program. Selain itu, rumah tangga tanpa penderita hipertensi (n=453) juga difasilitasi dalam kegiatan skrining Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) berkelanjutan untuk penduduk usia 15 tahun ke atas melalui pos pelayanan terpadu. Monitoring tekanan darah, keteraturan pengobatan, pencatatan aktivitas fisik dan evaluasi diet tinggi serat di lakukan oleh kader kesehatan pada keluarga hipertensi tiap bulannya. Setelah dua bulan berjalan, peningkatan monitoring tekanan darah, frekuensi makan sayur buah dan aktivitas fisik sesuai dengan target yang ditetapkan. Keteraturan pengobatan belum mencapai target meskipun peningkatan terjadi di bulan kedua. Peserta pos pemeriksaan terpadu sebagai pos skrining untuk rumah tangga tanpa hipertensi juga mencapai target bulanan yang telah ditetapkan. Dukungan kepala wilayah, kader kesehatan dan pusat kesehatan masyarakat setempat sangat bermakna dalam keberhasilan program. Pendekatan keluarga efektif dalam meningkatkan monitoring tekanan darah penderita, mendukung keteraturan berobat serta meningkatkan pola hidup yang lebih sehat.
“…The literature presents two conflicting approaches that may shed light on this subject. The first regards research participants as informants, namely they have the capacity and importance to provide information on the issues and questions that drive the research (Jonkman et al, 2020). With this view, research interviews are the best means for obtaining information that is relevant to the research, and as such, the participants should be selected based on their capacity to provide such information.…”
Qualitative research is beneficial for researchers and society, and even for the participants themselves. Yet, end-of-life qualitative research also entails unique challenges given the sensitive topic and questions relayed to the participants, and the participants’ requests of the researchers. This paper was written following ethical issues that arose while conducting in-depth interviews with Israeli members of the Swiss Dignitas Organization in 2019. The interviews enabled participants to air their thoughts on assisted suicide and gather information about related plans that were not available to the public due to various issues. Yet, during these interviews, I also found myself dealing with significant ethical dilemmas that I had not previously encountered, such as participants asking me to lie for them, or accompany them to Switzerland to fulfil their wishes. While the interviews served as a safe environment in which the participants could air their thoughts on the topic, they led me to reexamine the ethical limitations of qualitative research and the researcher-participant relationship (within and outside the research context). By analyzing three of these interviews, I attempted to answer the following research question: What do the ethics of qualitative research entail with regards to researcher-participant boundaries, as established in sensitive situations and that involve vulnerable populations in end-of-life situations? The analysis was conducted in line with the ethical mindfulness framework and combined theoretical analysis of the literature. My analysis indicates that while qualitative research encourages the establishing of a researcher-participant relationship through trust and rapport – especially on sensitive topics that involve vulnerable populations – the researcher must also ensure both participant and researcher safety, by establishing and maintaining boundaries, even post-research. Introspective ethical inquiry, triggered by participants, requires the researcher to be vulnerable, potentially resulting in emotional discomfort. It also mandates re-engaging with the participants on ethical meanings that stem from this process.
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