Pathways for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in bacteria

Martínez‐Morales, Fernando; Schobert, Max; López‐Lara, Isabel M.; Geiger, Otto

doi:10.1099/mic.0.26522-0

Cited by 84 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Phenotype arrays showed that all three mutants had increased sensitivity to the antibiotic reagents miltefosine and alexidine (Table 3, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site). Miltefosine is an inhibitor of phosphocholine cytidylyl transferase (CTP), which is a key regulator in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis (24,25). Alexidine is a cationic antiseptic that inhibits glucosyltransferases which catalyze the formation of glucan from sucrose (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic polyphosphate in Bacillus cereus : Motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation

Shi

Rao

Kornberg

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chains of inorganic polyphosphate (poly-P) with hundreds of Pi residues linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, as in ATP, are found in every bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal cell, in which they perform various functions. In the spore-forming Bacillus cereus, we have identified three principal enzymes and genes involved in the metabolism of poly-P, namely, (i) poly-P kinase (PPK), which synthesizes poly-P reversibly from ATP, (ii) exopolyphosphatase (PPX), which hydrolyzes poly-P to Pi, and (iii) poly-P͞AMP phosphotransferase (PAP), which uses poly-P as a donor to convert AMP to ADP, reversibly. In the null mutant of ppk, poly-P levels are reduced to <5% of the WT; in the ppx mutant, the PPK activity is elevated 10-fold, and the accumulation of poly-P is elevated Ϸ1,000-fold. All of the null mutants of ppk, ppx, and pap showed defects in motility and biofilm formation, but sporulation efficiency was impaired only in the ppx mutant. These enzymes and genes in B. cereus are nearly identical to those in the very closely related pathogen Bacillus anthracis, and, thus, they may provide attractive targets for the treatment of anthrax.polyphosphate kinase ͉ exopolyphosphatase ͉ polyphosphate͞AMP phosphotransferase

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic polyphosphate in Bacillus cereus : Motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation

Shi

Rao

Kornberg

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Other genes present in AY-WB and OY-M but absent from SEM branch mollicutes are pssA and psd (Table 6) of the phosphatidylethanolamine pathway (63). Furthermore, mycoplasmas lack pcnB encoding poly(A) polymerase (EC 2.7.7.…”

Section: Vol 188 2006 Comparative Analysis Of Two Phytoplasma Genommentioning

confidence: 99%

Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts

Bai

Zhang

Ewing³

et al. 2006

J Bacteriol

340

447

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Phytoplasmas ("CandidatusPhytoplasmaThe phylogenetic tree of mollicutes is composed of two major clades that diverged early in evolution (51). One clade contains the orders Acholeplasmatales and Anaeroplasmatales (AAA clade mollicutes), and the other clade contains the orders Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales (SEM clade mollicutes) (9). Phytoplasmas, formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms of plants, form a monophyletic group in the order Acholeplasmatales (51) and were recently assigned to a novel genus, "Candidatus Phytoplasma" (41). Approximately 20 phytoplasma phylogenetic groups have been proposed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and new branches are continuously being discovered (69,85). Members of the order Acholeplasmatales are distinct from other mollicutes in several ways. For instance, whereas most mollicutes use UGA as a tryptophan codon instead of a stop codon, a feature they share with mitochondria, the acholeplasmas and phytoplasmas retained UGA as a stop codon (80).

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“…Although choline is an essential nutrient for higher organisms, including humans, it is also used by bacteria to produce intermediates that are used as carbon sources (Craciun and Balskus, 2012) and in the biosynthesis of cell lipids such as phosphatidylcholine (Martínez-Morales et al, 2003). Phosphatidylcholine is a membrane-forming phospholipid that is present in approximately 10% of all bacteria (Sohlenkamp et al, 2003).…”

Section: Overall Impact Of Cdad In Gut Microbial Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile heterogeneously impacts intestinal community architecture but drives stable metabolome responses

et al. 2015

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Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) is caused by C. difficile toxins A and B and represents a serious emerging health problem. Yet, its progression and functional consequences are unclear. We hypothesised that C. difficile can drive major measurable metabolic changes in the gut microbiota and that a relationship with the production or absence of toxins may be established. We tested this hypothesis by performing metabolic profiling on the gut microbiota of patients with C. difficile that produced (n = 6) or did not produce (n = 4) toxins and on non-colonised control patients (n = 6), all of whom were experiencing diarrhoea. We report a statistically significant separation (P-value o0.05) among the three groups, regardless of patient characteristics, duration of the disease, antibiotic therapy and medical history. This classification is associated with differences in the production of distinct molecules with presumptive global importance in the gut environment, disease progression and inflammation. Moreover, although severe impaired metabolite production and biological deficits were associated with the carriage of C. difficile that did not produce toxins, only previously unrecognised selective features, namely, choline-and acetylputrescine-deficient gut environments, characterised the carriage of toxin-producing C. difficile. Additional results showed that the changes induced by C. difficile become marked at the highest level of the functional hierarchy, namely the metabolic activity exemplified by the gut microbial metabolome regardless of heterogeneities that commonly appear below the functional level (gut bacterial composition). We discuss possible explanations for this effect and suggest that the changes imposed by CDAD are much more defined and predictable than previously thought.

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Pathways for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in bacteria

Cited by 84 publications

References 41 publications

Inorganic polyphosphate in Bacillus cereus : Motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation

Inorganic polyphosphate in Bacillus cereus : Motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation

Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts

Clostridium difficile heterogeneously impacts intestinal community architecture but drives stable metabolome responses

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