Pathophysiology of Sports-Related Concussion

Steenerson, Kristen; Starling, Amaal J.

doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2017.03.011

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, further promotes potassium efflux and binds to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors which additionally allows for hyperexcitability and continued unhindered depolarization of the neuron. Simultaneously, accumulation of excitatory neurotransmitters also leads to influx of calcium which promotes proteases, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial impairment all of which contribute to cellular dysfunction, damage and death when the neuron is unable to recover cellular stability [17,18].…”

Section: Metabolic Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The glycolysis process is activated in an attempt to provide this increased energy demand which leads to accumulation of lactic acid. This lactic acid breaks down the blood-brain barrier and leads to cerebral edema [17].…”

Section: Metabolic Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also a neuroinflammatory response that occurs after brain trauma which increases microglial cells, cytokine mediators, proteases and reactive oxygen species which promotes widespread inflammation and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. This leads to cerebral blood flow changes [17,18]. Other cerebral blood flow changes also occur as a result of carbon dioxide that accumulates from the metabolic changes occurring.…”

Section: Neuroinflammatory Response and Cerebral Blood Flow Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Screening and Management

Leong¹

2020

Sports, Health and Exercise Medicine

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) sustained during sports participation, also known as sport-related concussion, has received increasing attention due in large part to the growing public awareness of the risks of head injury exposure in sports and the long-term consequences of repetitive head trauma. This chapter will review the latest understanding of concussion pathophysiology and provide an up to date overview of the scientific evidence-based acute screening and detection methods available for laypersons and medical professionals providing frontline assessment for athletes. Lastly, a comprehensive summary of clinical management for recovery management and approaches for active rehabilitation will be covered.

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Section: Metabolic Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metabolic Cascadementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neuroinflammatory Response and Cerebral Blood Flow Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Screening and Management

Leong¹

2020

Sports, Health and Exercise Medicine

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“…drowsiness, sleeping disturbances) 3 . This happens probably due to a complex cascade of neurometabolic alterations in brain neurons damaged by head accelerationdeceleration mechanical forces 4 , with mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism disturbances, and excessive oxidative stress might play a role 5 . Treatment solutions for sport-related concussion typically focus on complete rest at first (including a temporary withdrawal from practice and mental activities) followed by slow return-to-play activities monitored and clearance by a physician 3 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: Buccal administration of hydrogen-producing blend after a mild traumatic brain injury in a professional athlete

2019

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Background: Sport-related mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious trauma that could impair brain function of an injured athlete. Treatment solutions for mild TBI typically concentrate on complete rest, while non-traditional therapeutic options remain largely ineffective. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an innovative neuroprotective agent that can easily reach the brain, yet no data are available concerning its value as a first-aid intervention after a mild TBI. Case report: This case report demonstrates the efficacy and safety of a hydrogen-producing dissolving tablet administered buccally during the first 24 hours post-injury in a professional soccer player who suffered a mild TBI. The patient received a formulated dosage of hydrogen every 2 hours, with the first intervention given immediately after an initial examination (~ 15 min after the injury). The overall score for Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT2), a standardized method of evaluating injured athletes for concussion, increased from 68 points (severe disruption) at baseline to 84 points (mild disruption) at 24-h follow-up. The patient reported no side effects of hydrogen intervention. Conclusions: This case has demonstrated that intensive consecutive therapy with oral transmucosal hydrogen formulation is a beneficial strategy with regard to the reduction of presence and severity of symptoms of sport-related mild TBI.

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“…8 Another study showed that a panel of biomarkers, increases in NF-L and Tau markers, TNFα and IL8 markers, [SYP]CD11b+/[CD81]CD11b+, have the potential to surrogate chronic neural damage in CIS. 12,27 Diagnosing CIS: The fi rst step is to make the diagnosis of concussion which will help in early recovery, risk of further complications, reduce other musculoskeletal injuries, and other neurological or psychiatric illness. Due to the lack of a proper clinical or diagnostic pattern it is often a clinical diagnosis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%