Pathophysiology of obesity: Comorbidities and anesthetic considerations

Parker, Valerie J.; Orcutt, Elizabeth; Love, Lydia

doi:10.1201/9781315151625-3

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The prevalence of overweight or obesity in adult cats at vaccination visits in New Zealand was 22 and 3%, respectively (50). As for dogs, overweight and/or obesity in cats is associated with an increased risk of a wide range of co-morbidities (46,51,52), a reduced lifespan and a higher risk of death (severe obesity only) (53,54), and some, but not all data, suggest a reduced quality of life (55) (Figure 2).…”

Section: Obesity In Dogs and Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental risk factors in puppies and kittens for developing chronic disorders in adulthood: A call for research on developmental programming

Chastant-Maillard

Forman

German³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Many dogs and cats are affected by chronic diseases that significantly impact their health and welfare and relationships with humans. Some of these diseases can be challenging to treat, and a better understanding of early-life risk factors for diseases occurring in adulthood is key to improving preventive veterinary care and husbandry practices. This article reviews early-life risk factors for obesity and chronic enteropathy, and for chronic behavioral problems, which can also be intractable with life-changing consequences. Aspects of early life in puppies and kittens that can impact the risk of adult disorders include maternal nutrition, establishment of the gut microbiome, maternal behavior, weaning, nutrition during growth, growth rate, socialization with conspecifics and humans, rehoming and neutering. Despite evidence in some species that the disorders reviewed here reflect the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), developmental programming has rarely been studied in dogs and cats. Priorities and strategies to increase knowledge of early-life risk factors and DOHaD in dogs and cats are discussed. Critical windows of development are proposed: preconception, gestation, the suckling period, early growth pre-neutering or pre-puberty, and growth post-neutering or post-puberty to adult size, the durations of which depend upon species and breed. Challenges to DOHaD research in these species include a large number of breeds with wide genetic and phenotypic variability, and the existence of many mixed-breed individuals. Moreover, difficulties in conducting prospective lifelong cohort studies are exacerbated by discontinuity in pet husbandry between breeders and subsequent owners, and by the dispersed nature of pet ownership.

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Section: Obesity In Dogs and Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental risk factors in puppies and kittens for developing chronic disorders in adulthood: A call for research on developmental programming

Chastant-Maillard

Forman

German³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…It is worth noting that the obese group at T0 showed a higher percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and a lower CD4 + /CD8 + T cell ratio than the CTR group dogs, although not statistically significant (Figures 8B,D). This aspect could reflect a potential tendency of obese dogs to exhibit immune-mediated pathophysiologies (31,67,88,89). This is probably related to an exacerbation of the cytotoxic and secretory functions of CD8 + T lymphocytes or, as in the case of dogs enrolled in this trial, a potential dysregulation of the immune response due to population increase in T CD8 + .…”

Section: The Immune Profile Of Enrolled Dogs Upon Wlpmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is noteworthy that it is still under discussion if this dysmetabolic status in dogs represents a set of risk factors as MetS in humans. This is because few studies addressed the frequency of comorbidities over the years and the effect of the increased body weight on life span (67). Potential renal damage could not be ruled out in obese dogs; microalbuminuria has been reported in obese human patients with MetS, suggesting an early onset of renal failure (68).…”

Section: Biochemical Profile Of Enrolled Dogs Before and After Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Weight Loss Program on Biochemical and Immunological Profile, Serum Leptin Levels, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese Dogs

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of a weight loss program (WLP) on biochemical and immunological profile, and cardiovascular parameters in a cohort of dogs with naturally occurring obesity. Eleven obese dogs [body condition scoring (BCS), ≥7/9] were enrolled into the study and underwent clinical and cardiovascular examination, and blood testing before (T0) and after 6 months (T1) of WLP. Eleven normal weight (BCS, 4/5) healthy dogs were used as a control (CTR) group. Compared to the CTR group, at T0 obese dogs expressed higher serum leptin concentrations (p < 0.0005) that significantly decreased after weight loss (p < 0.005) but remained higher than the CTR group. Furthermore, obese dogs showed considerably lower levels (p < 0.0005) of regulatory T cell (Treg) compared to the CTR group, but they did not change after weight loss at T1. In obese dogs, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were substantially reduced at T1 (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.005). Regarding the cardiovascular parameters, only one obese dog was hypertensive at T0, and systolic blood pressure values showed no significant differences at the end of the WLP. The ratio of interventricular septal thickness in diastole to left ventricle internal diameter in diastole (IVSd/LVIDd) was significantly greater in obese dogs at T0 than in the CTR group (p < 0.005). It decreased after weight loss (p < 0.05). In obese dogs, troponin I level significantly reduced with weight loss (p < 0.05), while endothelin-1 level did not differ statistically. The results suggest that the immune dysregulation in the presence of high leptin levels and reduced number of Treg could affect obese dogs as well as humans. Based on our findings, we may speculate that a more complete immune-regulation restore could be obtained by a greater reduction in fat mass and a longer-term WLP. Finally, left ventricular remodeling may occur in some obese dogs. Piantedosi et al. Effects of Weight Loss in Dogs However, in canine species, further studies are needed to investigate the impact of obesity and related WLP on cardiovascular system.

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“…A diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma comorbidade associada com a obesidade, pois gatos acima do peso possuem mais de 3,9 vezes, chance de desenvolver DM quando comparados a felinos no escore ideal (40). Logo, em animais obesos o aumento de tecido adiposo contribui para o aumento da liberação de citocinas e diminuição de adiponectina fazendo com que haja uma interferência na sinalização de insulina, predispondo a resistência insulínica (41).…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitusunclassified

Obesidade Em Felinos Domésticos: Fatores De Risco, Impactos Clínicos, Metabólicos, Diagnóstico E Tratamento

Lima

Mendes²,

Flores³

et al. 2021

RVZ

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O aumento da composição corporal pode promover alterações metabólicas e locomotoras, além de diminuir a expectativa de vida dos animais. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é fornecer informações sobre a obesidade, elucidar os fatores de risco, diagnóstico, tratamento, assim como, ressaltar maneiras de enriquecimento ambiental e prevenção da obesidade. A obesidade possui origem multifatorial e pode contribuir para o surgimento de comorbidades. O diagnóstico baseia-se na avaliação nutricional e na identificação do grau de obesidade. Para isso existem algumas técnicas, como avaliação do peso, classificação do escore de condição corporal (ECC), índice de massa magra (IMM), raios-x de dupla energia (DEXA), tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e em métodos que auxiliam a estimar o índice de massa corporal dos felinos e o percentual de gordura. O tratamento consiste no planejamento nutricional, para isso deve-se realizado a troca de dieta para um alimento para perda de peso com densidade energética reduzida, baixo teor de gorduras e alto teor de proteínas e fibras. É fundamental que haja o retorno quinzenal ou mensal do paciente para a verificação da velocidade de perda e caso seja necessário realizar ajustes na dieta. Acrescido a dieta é essencial a introdução de enriquecimento ambiental para aumentar a atividade física. Diante do exposto, é de grande importância realizar o tratamento para obesidade, além de conscientizar os tutores sobre o correto manejo ambiental e nutricional, a fim de promover qualidade de vida a esses animais.

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Pathophysiology of obesity: Comorbidities and anesthetic considerations

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Environmental risk factors in puppies and kittens for developing chronic disorders in adulthood: A call for research on developmental programming

Environmental risk factors in puppies and kittens for developing chronic disorders in adulthood: A call for research on developmental programming

Effect of a Weight Loss Program on Biochemical and Immunological Profile, Serum Leptin Levels, and Cardiovascular Parameters in Obese Dogs

Obesidade Em Felinos Domésticos: Fatores De Risco, Impactos Clínicos, Metabólicos, Diagnóstico E Tratamento

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