Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Role of Vitamins, and Herbal Extracts in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Risks

Abstract

Background: Heart disease (cardiovascular disease: CVD) is considered as the leading cause of worldwide death. These diseases are recognized as group of disorders which are related to heart and blood vessels. Generally, heart diseases are considered life style associated diseases but many other factors are also found associated with cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim of this review is to provide the till date information regarding local and circulatory disorders, role of different vitamin and herbs on heart diseases. Methods: This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about cardiovascular diseases which was available in different online databases such as; PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google Scholar etc. In this review, authors have focused on description of cardiovascular disorders, their pathophysiological properties and importance of micronutrients, vitamins and herbs in management of cardiovascular diseases. Results: Cardiovascular diseases are considered the responsible approximately for 17.9 million deaths annually at global level. Surprisingly, low- and middle-income countries counts for 75% of CVD deaths. These diseases represents disorders related circulatory systems specially heart and coronary arteries. Many life style associated factors such as; high cholesterol consumption, smoking, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, metabolic disorders, stress, and other factors such as; family history, age, gender and genetic factors etc have been found involved in establishment of CVDs. That’s why management of diet, management of tobacco and alcohol consumption, management of stress, increased physical activities are considered population wide strategies for control cardiovascular diseases. On the basis of pathophysiology, heart diseases are of many types and out of them acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) are considered serious and catastrophic cardiac disorders. Intake of vitamins, micronutrients, lycopene, omega 3 fatty acid and many herbs like Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthron), Allium sativum (garlic), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi), Ginkgo biloba have been identified good for cardiovascular diseases management and treatment. Conclusion: Cardiovascular dieseases are considered one of the fatal clinical conditions as many of them are asymptomatic. The regulation of diet, increased physical activities, and health life style are recommened to control development of cardiovascular problems. Including this, scintific studies have supported the role of many vitamins, nutrients and herbs as beneficial in cardiovascular diseases but many of them could not demonstrate their role at clinical level but it is suggested that their role as nutriens can not be ignored and their consumption may reduc the cardiovascular risks.

Unraveling the Potential of Epicatechin Gallate fromCrataegus oxyacanthain Targeting Aberrant Cardiac Ca2+ Signalling Proteins: An in-depthIn-SilicoInvestigation for Heart Failure Therapy

“…The widely used cardiotonic herb COC (Hawthorn) is usually acquainted to treat various cardiovasculardiseases 20 .A literature search yielded four important phytochemical substances Vitexin, Tyramine, Epicatechin, and Epicatechin Gallate of COC (COC), which are employed as primary therapeutic components against proteins that induce aberrant molecular expression in cell 22,23…”

“…There is a developing assemblage of evidence that COC Linn. (Rosaceae) commonly known as Hawthorn extracts exhibit cardioprotective properties in both in-vivo and in-vitro studies [20]. A primary purpose of the present study is to determine the binding efficiency of major secondary metabolites of COC with Ca2+ overload-induced Myocardial Infarction-associated proteins through insillico studies.…”

Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in rats with hyperlipidaemia

“…[9][10][11][12][13] Among them, ginkgo leaves have taken the lead in becoming a health product that is popular worldwide. Because ginkgo brings considerable benefits for the treatment of metabolic syndrome associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease events, 10,14,15 whether as a health food, dietary supplement or herb, ginkgo products have been widely accepted by the public in Europe and the United States and gradually risen to third place in the US herbal supplement market.…”

The Potent Potential of Green Tea In against Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Discoveries

“…CVDs includes coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, strokes and transient ischemic attacks, and other related disorders [3]. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death from cardiovascular disease worldwide [4]. It is a thickening and hardening of the artery wall that occurs with aging and is linked to serious consequences for the cardiovascular system and other disorders [5].…”