Pathophysiology of avian intestinal ion transport

Abstract

Summary The gut has great importance for the commercial success of poultry production. Numerous ion transporters, exchangers, and channels are present on both the apical and the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, and their differential expression along the crypt-villus axis within the various intestinal segments ensures efficient intestinal absorption and effective barrier function. Recent studies have shown that intensive production systems, microbial exposure, and nutritional management significantly affect intestinal physiology and intestinal ion transport. Dysregulation of normal intestinal ion transport is manifested as diarrhoea, malabsorption, and intestinal inflammation resulting into poor production efficiency. This review discusses the basic mechanisms involved in avian intestinal ion transport and the impact of development during growth, nutritional and environmental alterations, and intestinal microbial infections on it. The effect of intestinal microbial infections on avian intestinal ion transport depends on factors such as host immunity, pathogen virulence, and the mucosal organisation of the particular intestinal segment.

Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: The Role of Tight Junctions and Mucosal Immune Responses in Alleviating the Effect of the Disease

“…SGLT1 is a co-transporter of glucose and sodium. Concurrent absorption of glucose and sodium establishes a gradient that facilitates the movement of sodium and water through the paracellular space [29]. This might be helpful in reducing diarrhea, which is a common symptom during enteric diseases, thus alleviating its negative impacts on the bird.…”

Histopathology of lesions caused byPseudocorynosoma constrictum(Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the ileum of blue-winged teal

“…The penetration of the proboscis of P. constrictum in the muscularis and the aforementioned damage could alter the homeostasis in the host. It has been shown that the isotonicity of luminal contents in the presence of structural damage on the mucosa is difficult to maintain, because intestinal epithelium promotes the strong exchange of water and electrolytes with the body's extracellular fluids (Nighot & Nighot, 2018). In addition, enterocyte alteration can cause intestinal secretion – reabsorption function can quickly promote severe body fluid depletion and affect the absorption of salts by channels (Nighot & Nighot, 2018).…”

“…The high number of parasites severely infecting the hosts may cause malabsorption of nutrients by the host as a result of mucosal reduction due to the host–parasite nutritional competition (Bush et al ., 2001). Similarly, the increased damages in the intestinal tissue due to a higher number of parasites could alter the homeostasis in the host (Nighot & Nighot, 2018). We are not aware of any report of similar damages.…”