Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Current Management Strategies for Chest Pain in Patients With Normal Findings on Angiography

Microcirculatory Dysfunction in Cardiac Syndrome X: Role of Abnormal Blood Rheology

“…Diagnostic coronary angiography performed on patients with typical angina pectoris and effort‐induced S‐T segment depression on an electrocardiogram (ECG) suggesting myocardial ischemia result in 10–30% of the cases having normal epicardial coronaries with no flow‐limiting stenosis [ 12 , 27 ]. These individuals are considered to have cardiac syndrome X (CSX), also referred to as microvascular angina [ 1 , 28 , 34 ]. Although this female predominant clinical entity has been recognized for over three decades, the exact pathomechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms are still debated.…”

The usefulness of plateletcrit to predict cardiac syndrome X in patients with normal coronary angiogram

“…Larger platelets have been found to be biologically more active, and their prothrombotic properties are more powerful. Platelets were also reported to have a significant role in the pathogenesis, morbidity, and mortality of acute coronary syndromes [ 20 ]. In another study, the relationship between MPV and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease was investigated, and a positive correlation between them was found [ 19 ].…”

Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Professional Diver After Jellyfish Sting

“…Coronary spasm is a well-documented cause of variant angina and AMI in patients with normal coronary arteries. 23,24 In addition, both animal and human models have shown that persistent, prolonged, and intense vasospasm can cause vascular endothelial injury, leading to platelet aggregation and coagulation system activation with resultant thrombosis and AMI. 25 Coronary vasospasm can be induced by almost all the vasoactive mediators released during jellyfish stings.…”