Pathophysiology and Psychopathology of Skin Bleaching and Implications of Skin Colour in Africa

Olowu, A. A.; Ogunlade, Oluwadare

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4608-4_3

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…In Asian countries, including India, China, Japan and Korea, an even and light skin tone is associated with beauty. In Africa, people lighten their skin for multiple reasons, ranging from aesthetic, psychological and sociological to political and economic motivations . In addition to producing an even and light skin tone, skin whitening agents are also used in anti‐ageing and skin fairness products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Africa, people lighten their skin for multiple reasons, ranging from aesthetic, psychological and sociological to political and economic motivations. [5][6][7][8][9][10] In addition to producing an even and light skin tone, skin whitening agents are also used in anti-ageing and skin fairness products. Given that anti-ageing products are the most important growing market in cosmetics, skin whitening products are gaining prominence clinically and cosmetically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Desmedt

Courselle

Beer

et al. 2016

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Lightening skin tone is an ancient and well-documented practice, and remains common practice among many cultures. Whitening agents such as corticosteroids, tretinoin and hydroquinone are medically applied to effectively lighten the skin tone of hyperpigmented lesions. However, when these agents are used cosmetically, they are associated with a variety of side-effect. Alternative agents, such as arbutin and its derivatives kojic acid and nicotinamide have been subsequently developed for cosmetic purposes. Unfortunately, some cosmetics contain whitening agents that are banned for use in cosmetic products. This article provides an overview of the mode of action and potential side-effects of cosmetic legal and illegal whitening agents, and the pattern of use of these types of products. Finally, an EU analysis of the health problems due to the presence of illegal products on the market is summarized.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%