Pathophysiology and Molecular Pathology of Dystonia and Tics

Altered brain connectivity in hyperkinetic movement disorders: A review of resting-state fMRI

“…This is in accordance with the main pathophysiological model which points to dysfunction of the basal ganglia and sensorimotor circuits, including, more recently, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways. ( Vidailhet et al, 2012 ) While opposite results were found in these regions, they nevertheless mainly exhibited negative connectivity, with the exception of the putamen ( Fig. 1 , Fig.…”

“…( Helmich et al, 2013 , Pinto et al, 2003 , van der Stouwe et al, 2020 , Hallett, 2014 , Buijink et al, 2016 , Buijink et al, 2015 , Latorre et al, 2020 , Ganos et al, 2014 , Tijssen et al, 2000 ) In dystonia, basal ganglia and CTC pathways are implicated. ( Vidailhet et al, 2009 , Vidailhet et al, 2012 , Hallett, 2006 ) For tics and chorea, evidence points to the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (BGTC) circuit. ( Berardelli et al, 1999 , Berardelli et al, 2003 , Albin, 1995 ) Cerebellar ataxia may result from damage to the cerebellum, as well as cerebellar pathways.…”