Pathophysiological Role of HERV-W in Schizophrenia

Aftab, Awais; Shah, Asim A; Hashmi, Ali Madeeh

doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15030059

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Indeed expression of HERV-encoded env (HERV-K, HERV-W, HERV-E) was shown to be immunosuppressive and to promote cancer development, including leukaemia, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Similar correlation was identified between high expression levels of HERV-W-encoded env and some neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia [64]. HERV expression can activate the innate immune response, thereby leading to chronic inflammation and potentially contributing to autoimmune diseases.…”

Section: So What? Consequences For the Virus And The Hostsupporting

confidence: 60%

The benefits of integration

Ciuffi

2016

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Retroviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are notorious for two essential steps of their viral replication: reverse transcription and integration. This latter property is considered to be essential for productive replication and ensures the stable long-term insertion of the viral genome sequence in the host chromatin, thereby leading to the life-long association of the virus with the infected cell. Using HIV as a prototypic example, the present review aims to provide an overview of how and where integration occurs, as well as presenting general consequences for both the virus and the infected host.

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Section: So What? Consequences For the Virus And The Hostsupporting

confidence: 60%

The benefits of integration

Ciuffi

2016

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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“…In fact, they make up a significant fraction (~8%) of its sequence content 3 4 5 . Many families of HERVs exhibit high transcriptional activity in different human tissues, and both beneficial 6 7 8 and detrimental effects 8 9 10 have been described. Similarly to other endogenous proviruses, they consist of a 5–10 kb sequence which code for viral proteins, flanked by two Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) (0.3–1.6 kb in length) that contain regulatory elements for viral protein expression 11 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of extensive non-allelic gene conversion among LTR elements in the human genome

Trombetta

Fantini

D’Atanasio

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) are nearly identical DNA sequences found at either end of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). The high sequence similarity that exists among different LTRs suggests they could be substrate of ectopic gene conversion events. To understand the extent to which gene conversion occurs and to gain new insights into the evolutionary history of these elements in humans, we performed an intra-species phylogenetic study of 52 LTRs on different unrelated Y chromosomes. From this analysis, we obtained direct evidence that demonstrates the occurrence of ectopic gene conversion in several LTRs, with donor sequences located on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. We also found that some of these elements are characterized by an extremely high density of polymorphisms, showing one of the highest nucleotide diversities in the human genome, as well as a complex patchwork of sequences derived from different LTRs. Finally, we highlighted the limits of current short-read NGS studies in the analysis of genetic diversity of the LTRs in the human genome. In conclusion, our comparative re-sequencing analysis revealed that ectopic gene conversion is a common event in the evolution of LTR elements, suggesting complex genetic links among LTRs from different chromosomes.

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“…9,10,16 Another study found syncytin-1 mRNA transcription in plasma samples from patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that syncytin-1 can also play a role in schizophrenia. [17][18][19] Collectively, these findings indicate the important role of syncytin-1 in neuroimmune regulation. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report on the role of syncytin-1 in anti-NMDAR encephalitis pathogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Role of Increased Syncytin-1 Expression in Pathogenesis of Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

Qiao¹,

Sun²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

NDT

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Purpose Syncytin-1 may play a role in several neuropsychiatric disorders, but its function in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible mechanism of action of syncytin-1 in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Patients and Methods Twenty patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and eight controls were recruited. The protein levels of syncytin-1 in serum were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the transcript levels of syncytin-1 were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Flow cytometry was used for peripheral blood lymphocyte subset detection. Further, the relationship between syncytin-1 levels and clinical features of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets was analyzed. Results Compared with those in controls, higher syncytin-1 levels and percentage of B cells (CD3-CD19+) were observed in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Among anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients, the level of syncytin-1 positively correlated with the proportion of B cells and modified Rankin scale score at onset and after immunotherapy and negatively correlated with the proportion of CD3+ T cells. Conclusion An increased expression of Syncytin-1 is associated with the pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, providing evidence for elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and suggesting novel therapeutic targets. Further, this study clarifies the role of syncytin-1 in neuroimmune disorders.

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Pathophysiological Role of HERV-W in Schizophrenia

Cited by 21 publications

References 81 publications

The benefits of integration

The benefits of integration

Evidence of extensive non-allelic gene conversion among LTR elements in the human genome

Role of Increased Syncytin-1 Expression in Pathogenesis of Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

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