Pathophysiologic Implications of Cytokines Secretion during Liver Transplantation Surgery

Abstract

We introduce the following issues of the cytokines secretion during liver transplantation surgery in this review article; 1) the aspect of cytokines secretion during liver transplantation surgery, 2) the evidences of association of cytokines concentration with post-transplantation graft survival, 3) a variety of factors that may influence the secretion of cytokines during liver transplantation, 4) pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance during the surgery, and 5) the issues of T helper 1 and T helper 2, and T helper 17 and regulatory T cell signature cytokines secretion and their ratio during liver transplantation surgery. Primary failure of the liver is associated with the secondary dysfunction of virtually all other organ systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, coagulation and central nervous systems. In addition, liver transplantation surgery itself is a major surgical procedure with accompanying life-threatening hemorrhage, massive transfusion, clamping and unclamping of great vessels and resulting ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiovascular instability. Both the underlying liver failure and the surgical events act as stressors and promote the secretion of various cytokines. So it is clinically important to understand above issues regarding the cytokines secretion during liver transplantation surgery. As cytokines secretion has clear relationship with post-transplantation clinical outcomes, future study directions for artificially manipulating cytokines secretion is also suggested for enhancing outcomes of the patients.

Alternative RNA Splicing in Fatty Liver Disease

“…Indeed, depleting ESRP2 exacerbated alcohol-induced steatohepatitis in mouse models. As inflammatory cytokines are involved in liver injury in many disease settings (90)(91)(92), ESRP2 suppression and adult-to-fetal reprogramming were also observed in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver fibrosis model (71). Downregulation of ESRP2 activates a neonatal splicing program and causes exon skipping in the Yap1 and Tead1 genes, rewiring Hippo signaling and supporting progenitor cell proliferation upon liver injury (55).…”

Characterization and Proteomic Analyses of Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Mouse Model of Liver Transplant Rejection

“…During this process, the liver will produce and release a large number of cytokines, including chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, which can exert a wide range of effects upon proinflammatory and regulatory properties, might be considered potential therapeutic targets for selective suppression or enhancement of the immune responses in recipients [24]. In the mouse OLT model, we found that serum ALT and AST showed a temporally depen-dent increase after liver transplantation, indicating that hepatocytes were damaged.…”

Peak insulin drip rate associated with decreased infections post‐solid organ transplant

“…Surgery, including organ transplantation, causes an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress and an increase in cytokines, cortisol and other counter-regulatory hormones. [10][11][12][13] This results in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, and the degree to which these consequences occur is related to the intensity of the surgical injury. 10 The The development of hyperglycemia has been associated with increased rates of complications, infection, and mortality 14,15 and the hyperglycemia itself has been associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress.…”