Pathology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects.

Sangster, Nicholas C.; Martı́nez-Moreno, A.; Pérez, José Manuel Porcel

doi:10.1079/9781789246162.0005

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Helminth parasites are known to damage intestinal barrier function, and specific mechanisms have been demonstrated in the case of fascioliasis. 6 The current study strongly supports existing evidence that direct damage to the gastrointestinal barrier is associated with the initial trans-intestinal migration phase of F. hepatica infection and that a consequence of this (presumably) localised compromise is also associated with endotoxin (LPS) levels more typically seen in clinically aggressive endotoxemia models. Recent research efforts, across multiple species, have focussed on numerous proteins produced by the excysted metacercaria or juvenile flukes, which have been shown to significantly dampen local immune responses, both innate and acquired.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Orally ingested metacercariae excyst in the duodenum following digestion of the cyst wall. The presence of subadult fluke in the hepatic parenchyma has been demonstrated by 4–6 days 6 where they develop to sexual maturity 7 ; however, juvenile flukes appear in the abdominal cavity within 2 h of experimental ingestion, via direct penetration of the duodenal mucosa 6 . The migration through the intestinal mucosa has been postulated to impact the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in concomitant loss of integrity of the intestinal barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of subadult fluke in the hepatic parenchyma has been demonstrated by 4-6 days 6 where they develop to sexual maturity 7 ; however, juvenile flukes appear in the abdominal cavity within 2 h of experimental ingestion, via direct penetration of the duodenal mucosa. 6 The migration through the intestinal mucosa has been postulated to impact the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in concomitant loss of integrity of the intestinal barrier. The concept of low-level damage to the intestinal mucosa, with resultant increase in permeability to luminal contents, has been postulated to reflect a condition called 'leaky gut syndrome'.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early‐stage infection by Fasciola hepatica

et al. 2023

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Fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post‐infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the changes, if any, to levels of endotoxin in cattle plasma in response to early‐stage infection with Fasciola hepatica. Thirty‐six (36) commercial bred cattle were experimentally infected with approximately 400 viable metacercariae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels were examined on 24 occasions from 0 h before infection to 336 h after infection using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate chromogenic end point assay and compared with that of six (6) uninfected control animals. Peak lipopolysaccharide levels in infected animals were reached at 52 h after infection and returned to pre‐infection levels at time 144 h after infection. Infected animals had significantly elevated lipopolysaccharide levels between 24 and 120 h after infection when compared to uninfected animals. The mean change in endotoxin units (EU)/mL over time after infection was statistically significant in infected animals. Elevations of lipopolysaccharide occurred in all infected animals suggesting a possible repeatable and titratable endotoxemia conducive to therapeutic agent model development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early‐stage infection by Fasciola hepatica

et al. 2023

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“…The parenchymal phase occurs during migration of flukes in the liver parenchyma and is associated with liver damage and hemorrhage. During the parenchyma stage of the infection, liver damage caused by the migrating flukes compromise liver function, which in ruminant is reflected in a decline in plasma albumin concentrations, attributed partly to reduced rate of synthesis and partly to an expansion of the plasma volume [8,58].…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Ruminant Fasciolosis in Ethiopia

2023

austinjvetscianimhusb

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Ethiopia possesses the largest livestock population in Africa. Ruminant Fasciolosis is a serious problem in animal production in different areas of the world especially in Ethiopia. It is a wide spread trematodal disease affecting ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) and also other species of animals. F. hepatica and F. gigantica are the parasitic species belonging to Genus Fasciola under the phylum platyhelminths. The fasciola disease has three phases of clinical sign acute, sub-acute and chronic forms. Fasciolosis is more apparent in young ruminant and is usually chronic in nature. Adult flukes in the bile ducts cause inflammation, biliary obstruction, distraction of liver tissue and anemia. Snails of family Lymnaeidae are main intermediate hosts having great role on the transmission of the disease and the infection is acquired through grazing on swampy pasture. The disease mostly diagnosed by prior knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in a given environment; observation of clinical signs, information on grazing history, seasonal occurrence and standard examination of feces in the laboratory. The affected cattle should be effectively treated with narrow spectrum anthelmintic such as Triclabendazole in addition to reducing the population of the intermediate host to control the disease. Now a days, fasciolosis is recognized as emerging human disease over the world even if only few case reports of human fascioliasis are available in Ethiopia, as the disease mostly affects animals in the country. The disease causes a significant economic loss in ruminant production by inflecting direct and indirect loss at different parts of Ethiopia. To control and prevent the disease, the strategic destruction of snail population should be implemented throughout the country to break down the life cycle of liver fluke.

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“…Fasciolosis causes economic losses regarding livestock products such as milk and meat, and significant monetary costs are also attributed to medical treatment for animals and humans. The pathogenesis of fasciolosis involves pre-hepatic and hepatic stages: the former is caused by newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) penetrating through the host’s intestinal walls and peritoneal cavity, leading to hemorrhage and inflammation, and the latter occurs during the juvenile parasites’ migration through the liver parenchyma before they reach and reside in the bile ducts, where they mature into adult stage [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Control strategies are designed to block the parasites’ life cycles by using anthelmintics, grazing management, and biological control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination Vaccines of Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like Protein-2 and Leucine Aminopeptidase

et al. 2023

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Saposin-like protein-2 (SAP-2) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are major proteins involved in the digestive process of Fasciola gigantica (Fg). Both SAP-2 and LAP are highly expressed in F. gigantica; therefore, they could be vaccine candidates for fasciolosis. The aims of this study are (1) to observe the tissue expression of F. gigantica SAP-2 (FgSAP-2) and F. gigantica LAP (FgLAP) in F. gigantica by indirect immunofluorescence technique under confocal microscopy and (2) to test the vaccine potentials of individual and combined recombinant (r) FgSAP-2 and rFgLAP against F. gigantica in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n = 10 per group). By indirect immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy, FgSAP-2 and FgLAP were localized in the caecal epithelium but at different sites: FgSAP-2 appeared in small granules that are distributed in the middle and lower parts of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, while FgLAP appeared as a line or zone in the apical cytoplasm of caecal epithelial cells. For vaccine testing, the percent protection of combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccines against F. gigantica was at 80.7 to 81.4% when compared with aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant and unimmunized controls, respectively. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the sera were significantly increased in single and combine vaccinated groups compared with the control groups. Vaccinated mice showed reduced liver damage when compared with control groups. This study indicates that the combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccine had a higher vaccine potential than a single vaccine. These results support the further testing and application of this combined vaccine against F. gigantica infection in farmed livestock animals.

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Pathology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects.

Abstract: This book chapter describes the pathology (prehepatic stages, hepatic stages, other host species), clinical aspects, effects on blood components, pathophysiology and metabolic aspects, effects on metabolism, and pathogenesis of Fasciola infection.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early‐stage infection by Fasciola hepatica

Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early‐stage infection by Fasciola hepatica

Review on Ruminant Fasciolosis in Ethiopia

Combination Vaccines of Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like Protein-2 and Leucine Aminopeptidase

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