Pathology of toxic responses to the RD50 concentration of chlorine gas in the nasal passages of rats and mice

Jiang, Xiaoxing; Buckley, Lorrene A.; Morgan, Kevin T.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90339-3

Cited by 76 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The nasal vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, thus is more resistant to injury than transitional or respiratory epithelium. Nonetheless, toxicologically important lesions have been described in the nasal vestibule as a result of inhalation of highly volatile, watersoluble chemicals such as glutaraldehyde , dimethylamine (Buckley et al, 1985), ammonia (Bolon et al, 1991), hydrogen fluoride (Rosenholtz et al, 1963;Morris and Smith, 1982), and hydrogen chloride (Jiang et al, 1983). Exposure to volatile, water-soluble chemicals such as these can induce extensive necrosis, inflammation, hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium lining the vestibule.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Respiratory Tract Lesions in Inhalation Toxicology

et al. 2007

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This paper describes some important differences in normal histology of the upper respiratory tract of laboratory animals. It also provides examples of lesions observed or reported in the upper respiratory tract of laboratory animals, predominantly rodents, exposed via inhalation. The anatomy and physiology of upper respiratory tract tissues play a major role in the response to an insult, given that different epithelial types vary in susceptibility to injury and toxicant exposure concentrations throughout the airway vary due to airflow dynamics. Although dogs and nonhuman primates are utilized for inhalation toxicology studies, less information is available regarding sites of upper respiratory injury and types of responses in these species. Awareness of interspecies differences in normal histology and zones of transition from squamous to respiratory to olfactory epithelium in different areas of the upper respiratory tract is critical to detection and description of lesions. Repeated inhalation of chemicals, drugs, or environmental contaminants induces a wide range of responses, depending on the physical properties of the toxicant and concentration and duration of exposure. Accurate and consistent fixation, trimming, and microtomy of tissue sections using anatomic landmarks are critical steps in providing the pathologist the tools needed to compare the morphology of upper respiratory tract tissues from exposed and control animals and detect and interpret subtle differences.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Respiratory Tract Lesions in Inhalation Toxicology

et al. 2007

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“…Focal changes, such as erosion and ulceration may also occur. Inflammatory changes are nonspecific but are dependent on exposure dose or concentration and degree of necrosis and are seen more frequently after administration of irritants such as acetaldehyde (11) and chlorine (17). However, 3-methylfuran (25) and 3-methylindole (34)-both of which are activated by mixed-function oxidases-induce acute, severe serofibrinous, necrotizing rhinitis.…”

Section: Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonneoplastic Changes in the Olfactory Epithelium. Experimental Studies

Gaskell¹

1990

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Interest in the olfactory mucosa has increased in recent years, since it has been shown to possess a considerable amount of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity and a wide variety of chemicals have been identified as olfactory toxins. Many chemicals induce lesions of a general nature in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., inflammation, degeneration, regeneration, and proliferation, whereas others cause more specific effects.Changes in the olfactory mucosa with reference to chemicals that initiate them are reviewed in this paper. Studies with 3-trifluoromethyl pyridine (3FMP) illustrate some of these general changes and show the importance of examining the olfactory mucosa at early time periods. The earliest damage seen by light microscopy was 6 hr after a single inhalation exposure to 3FMP, and by day 3, early regenerative changes were observed. Changes were seen by electron microscopy 30 min after an oral dose, and the primary site of toxicity appeared to be the Bowman's glands.Although atrophy of nerve bundles in the lamina propria would be the expected consequence of severe necrosis of the sensory cells, this is not always the case. Exposure to irritants such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and dimethylamine results in nerve bundle atrophy, but with chemicals such as 3FMP, 3-methylindole, and 3-methylfuran-which are activated by mixed-function oxidases-the nerve bundles remain intact. Future work, including metabolism studies, will provide more information on the mode of action of these chemicals.

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“…OE can be irnured not only by direct-acting gaseous irritants such as chlorine (37), but also by indirect-acting inhalants such as ferrocene (N. Gillett, personal communication), 3-methylfuran (40), and dimethylnitrosamine (41). High concentrations of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases occur in OE.…”

Section: Acute Responses Of Olfactorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of the Nasal Mucosa in Laboratory Animals Exposed to Inhaled Irritants

Harkema¹

1990

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The nasal cavity is susceptible to chemically induced iinjury as a result of exposure to inhaled irritants. Some responses of the nasal mucosa to inhaled toxicants are species specific. These species-related differences in response may be due to variations in structural, physiologic, and biochemical factors, such as gross nasal cavity structure, distribution of luminal epithelial cell populations along the nasal airway, intranasal airflow patterns, nasal mucociliary apparatus, and nasal xenobiotic metabolism among animal species. This paper reviews the comparative anatomy and irritant-induced pathology of the nasal cavity in laboratory animals. The toxicologist, pathologist, and environmental risk assessor must have a good working knowledge of the similarities and differences in normal nasal structure and response to injury among species before they can select animal models for nasal toxicity studies, recognize toxicantinduced lesions in the nasal airway, and extrapolate experimental results to estimate the possible effects of an inhaled toxicant on the human nasal airway.

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Pathology of toxic responses to the RD50 concentration of chlorine gas in the nasal passages of rats and mice

Cited by 76 publications

References 19 publications

Upper Respiratory Tract Lesions in Inhalation Toxicology

Upper Respiratory Tract Lesions in Inhalation Toxicology

Nonneoplastic Changes in the Olfactory Epithelium. Experimental Studies

Comparative Pathology of the Nasal Mucosa in Laboratory Animals Exposed to Inhaled Irritants

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