Pathology of the Human Placenta

Benirschke, Kurt; Burton, Graham J.; Baergen, Rebecca N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23941-0

Cited by 580 publications

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“…Although term villous cytotrophoblasts are not abundant compared with earlier in pregnancy (36), they appear to be committed to form STB. The cells can be isolated and, within 48 h, begin to fuse and give rise to areas of multinucleated cells (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas

Yabe

Alexenko

Amita

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

148

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Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily commit to the trophoblast lineage after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and two small compounds, an activin A signaling inhibitor and a FGF2 signaling inhibitor (BMP4/A83-01/PD173074; BAP treatment). During differentiation, areas emerge within the colonies with the biochemical and morphological features of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Relatively pure fractions of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) and larger syncytial sheets displaying the expected markers of STB can be obtained by differential filtration of dispersed colonies through nylon strainers. RNA-seq analysis of these fractions has allowed them to be compared with cytotrophoblasts isolated from term placentas before and after such cells had formed syncytia. Although it is clear from extensive gene marker analysis that both ESC-and placenta-derived syncytial cells are trophoblast, each with the potential to transport a wide range of solutes and synthesize placental hormones, their transcriptome profiles are sufficiently dissimilar to suggest that the two cell types have distinct pedigrees and represent functionally different kinds of STB. We propose that the STB generated from human ESCs represents the primitive syncytium encountered in early pregnancy soon after the human trophoblast invades into the uterine wall.is encountered during at least two stages of human placental development (1-3). The first coincides with early implantation when a multinucleated syncytium forms, presumably by cell fusion events, ahead of proliferating, mononucleated, cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells originating from polar trophectoderm (3,4). This invasive syncytium emerges either during or soon after the trophoblast passes through the breached uterine epithelium and into the decidualized stromal layer beneath and appears to be responsible for hollowing out regions within the stroma to form lacunae (5), which become filled with fluid and cells from maternal blood and uterine glands and presumably provide a source of nutrients for the conceptus (3, 6). By about 12 d of gestation, soon after the blastocyst has sunk below the endometrial surface, strands of cytotrophoblast begin to form and penetrate through the primitive syncytium to form primary chorionic villi, which are subsequently invaded by extraembryonic mesoderm to form secondary and tertiary villi (villous trees) (2-4). The cytotrophoblast cells associated with the villi continue to divide and provide a progenitor cell population for the villous STB, which is the cell layer that covers the outer surface of the villi and forms the definitive interface involved in exchange of gases, nutrients, and excretory materials between the fetal placenta and maternal blood. Villous STB is also the major site for production of placental hormones. Cytotrophoblast cells at the tips of the anchoring villi proliferate and colonize the endometrium, thus expanding the placental bed and simultaneously remodeling maternal spiral arteries. The extent to which extravillous trophoblast becom...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas

Yabe

Alexenko

Amita

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

135

148

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“…The following references provide detailed information on the development and pathology, as well as microscopic and macroscopic examination of the human placenta and adnexa 8,9 . The placenta proper is comprised largely of fetal blood vessels and secretory and supporting cells called trophoblasts, making up the chorionic villi covered by the chorion frondosum (plate) 8 . The branched placental villi are bathed in maternal blood delivered from the uterine spiral arteries, enabling nutrient, hormone and gas exchange between fetus and mother.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Pelekanos

Sardesai

Futrega

et al. 2016

JoVE

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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

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“…e human amnion is the inner layer of the fetal membranes composed of a monolayer of epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane overlying a collagen-rich stroma [1,2]. is tissue, which encloses the amniotic �uid, protects the fetus from external mechanical forces and provides an environment that supports fetal movement and growth [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is tissue, which encloses the amniotic �uid, protects the fetus from external mechanical forces and provides an environment that supports fetal movement and growth [3,4]. e amnion is also a metabolically active tissue involved in the synthesis of various substances with important functions during pregnancy, including prostaglandins and cytokines [1,5,6]. It is particularly well known as a major source of prostaglandin E2, a potent molecule mediating cervical ripening and myometrial contraction [7][8][9][10], whose levels dramatically increase before and during labor [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e amniotic membrane provides most of the tensile strength of the fetal membranes, and alterations in its integrity can lead to undesirable pregnancy outcomes such as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROMs) [1,13], which complicates 3% of all pregnancies and is responsible for approximately one-third of all preterm births (PTBs) [14]. Given the important role of the amnion in the maintenance of pregnancy and parturition, investigation into molecular events occurring in this tissue may contribute to a better understanding of physiological and pathological processes involved in pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Human Amnion

Kim¹,

Pitlick²,

Christine³

et al. 2013

Epigenetics and Pathology

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e amnion is a speciali�ed tissue in contact with the amniotic �uid, which is in a constantly changing state. To investigate the importance of epigenetic events in this tissue in the physiology and pathophysiology of pregnancy, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation pro�ling of human amnion from term (with and without labor) and preterm deliveries. �sing the Illumina In�nium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip, we identi�ed genes exhibiting differential methylation associated with normal labor and preterm birth. Functional analysis of the differentially methylated genes revealed biologically relevant enriched gene sets. Bisul�te se�uencing analysis of the promoter region of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene detected two CpG dinucleotides showing signi�cant methylation differences among the three groups of samples. Hypermethylation of the CpG island of the solute carrier family 30 member 3 (SLC30A3) gene in preterm amnion was con�rmed by methylation-speci�c PCR. is work provides preliminary evidence that DNA methylation changes in the amnion may be at least partially involved in the physiological process of labor and the etiology of preterm birth and suggests that DNA methylation pro�les, in combination with other biological data, may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms underlying normal and pathological pregnancies.

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Pathology of the Human Placenta

Cited by 580 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas

Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation in Human Amnion

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