Pathology of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar intraperitoneally immunized with oil-adjuvanted vaccine. A case report

Tt, Poppe; Breck, Olav

doi:10.3354/dao029219

Cited by 119 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…6Aa), as reported previously (7,9) and similar to changes described in mice treated ip with adjuvant oil (26). Isolated granulomas were also seen in liver (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The vaccines commonly used contain an oil-based adjuvant (4), such as mineral hydrocarbon oil and emulsifier (same as IFA, containing mineral oil Bayol F and emulsifier) or animal/vegetable oil that contains pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) (5) or squalene (6). A number of undesirable side effects have been attributed to the vaccination of salmon, including retarded growth, chronic peritonitis with pigmentation and adhesion of internal organs (7)(8)(9), granulomatous uveitis (10), and spinal deformities (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Koppang

Bjerkås

Haugarvoll

et al. 2008

The Journal of Immunology

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over half of the salmon consumed globally are farm-raised. The introduction of oil-adjuvanted vaccines into salmon aquaculture made large-scale production feasible by preventing infections. The vaccines that are given i.p. contain oil adjuvant such as mineral oil. However, in rodents, a single i.p. injection of adjuvant hydrocarbon oil induces lupus-like systemic autoimmune syndrome, characterized by autoantibodies, immune complex glomerulonephritis, and arthritis. In the present study, whether the farmed salmon that received oil-adjuvanted vaccine have autoimmune syndrome similar to adjuvant oil-injected rodents was examined. Sera and tissues were collected from vaccinated or unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (experimental, seven farms) and wild salmon. Autoantibodies (immunofluorescence, ELISA, and immunoprecipitation) and IgM levels (ELISA) in sera were measured. Kidneys and livers were examined for pathology. Autoantibodies were common in vaccinated fish vs unvaccinated controls and they reacted with salmon cells/Ags in addition to their reactivity with mammalian Ags. Diffuse nuclear/cytoplasmic staining was common in immunofluorescence but some had more specific patterns. Serum total IgM levels were also increased in vaccinated fish; however, the fold increase of autoantibodies was much more than that of total IgM. Sera from vaccinated fish immunoprecipitated ferritin and ∼50% also reacted with other unique proteins. Thrombosis and granulomatous inflammation in liver, and immune-complex glomerulonephritis were common in vaccinated fish. Autoimmunity similar to the mouse model of adjuvant oil-induced lupus is common in vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon. This may have a significant impact on production loss, disease of previously unknown etiology, and future strategies of vaccines and salmon farming.

show abstract

“…6Aa), as reported previously (7,9) and similar to changes described in mice treated ip with adjuvant oil (26). Isolated granulomas were also seen in liver (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Koppang

Bjerkås

Haugarvoll

et al. 2008

The Journal of Immunology

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…with oil-adjuvanted vaccines. These vaccines may induce both specific and non-specific immunity (Poppe & Breck 1997, Koppang et al 2008, which could interfere with susceptibility to infections. However, little is known about the immunological processes involved in the development of CMS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Fritsvold¹,

Kongtorp²,

Taksdal³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a disease of unknown aetiology, having significant economic impact as it primarily affects large, farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in seawater, close to harvest. In the present study, we have demonstrated that CMS is a transmissible disease under experimental conditions. Histopathological lesions consistent with CMS were induced in Atlantic salmon post-smolts after injection of tissue homogenate from farmed fish diagnosed with CMS. Six weeks post-injection (p.i.), experimental fish started developing focal to multi-focal lesions in the atrial endo-and myocardium, with subsequent progression to the ventricle. This proceeded into severe endocarditis and subsequent myocarditis with mononuclear cell infiltration of the atrium and, to a lesser degree, the spongy layer of the ventricle. These lesions were consistent with histopathological findings in field outbreaks of CMS. From Week 33 p.i., lesions also appeared in the compact myocardium, with focal epicarditis adjacent to focal myocardial lesions. In conclusion, these results indicate that CMS has an infectious aetiology and should be treated as a potentially contagious disease.

show abstract

“…Since then it has also been described in North America (Kent & Elston 1987), Ireland (Murphy et al 1992) and Norway (Poppe & Breck 1989). The condition is now known to be caused by infection with an alphavirus that is closely related to the virus responsible for sleeping disease (SD) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Nelson et al 1995, McLoughlin et al 1996, 2002, Castric et al 1997, Weston et al 1999, Villoing et al 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-clinical infection of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with salmonid alphavirus a prospective longitudinal study

Graham¹,

Jewhurst²,

McLoughlin³

et al. 2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A prospective longitudinal study of salmonid alphavirus infection in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. was initiated in post-transfer smolts on a UK farm in July 2004 and continued for 320 d. Sampling was concentrated on a single caged population (C4) with serum and tissue samples collected and tested for viraemia, virus neutralising (VN) antibodies and viral nucleic acid by real time RT-PCR and by histopathology; 380 sera collected between Days 0 (D0) and 139 (D139) were consistently negative for both viraemia and VN antibodies. The first evidence of infection was detected on D146, when 4 out of 20 fish were found to be viraemic and 1 of 20 to be antibodypositive. On D153 only 2 of 20 fish was viraemic and 1 antibody positive. At the next sampling (D158) no viraemic or antibody positive fish were detected. Thereafter, one or two viraemic fish were detected on 6 occasions, including on D320. The prevalence of antibody-positive fish remained low (0 to 5%) until D192 after which time it rose irregularly to a peak of 57.9% on D320. Real time RT-PCR testing of sera was more sensitive than screening for viraemia, detecting a peak of 35% positive on D153 before declining. Histological lesions diagnostic for pancreas disease (PD) were observed at D146 and D153 only. In addition, mild cardiac and to a lesser extent brain lesions were frequently found after virus was detected, but not in earlier samples. No clinical signs or mortalities attributable to PD occurred throughout the study. This is the first detailed report of sub-clinical infection and highlights the usefulness of longitudinal surveys and the detection of virus and antibodies as diagnostic and epidemiological tools. KEY WORDS: Salmonid alphavirus · Pancreas disease · Longitudinal survey · Sub-clinical infection · Viraemia · Serology · RT-PCR Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 72: 193-199, 2006 ological studies in Ireland between 1989 and 1994 found that mortality levels on sites varied widely from a low of 0.1% to as high as 63% (Crockford et al. 1999). However, overall there was a significant downward trend in PD-related mortalities during this period that continued in the second half of the 1990s. A similar observation was reported from Scotland (Bruno 2004). However, in recent years PD has re-emerged as a significant cause of mortality and economic loss in the Irish industry and there is evidence of a similar trend in both Scotland and Norway (G Ritchie pers. comm.).Both field and experimental infections of salmon with SAV isolates from outbreaks of PD are characterised clinically by sequential histopathological changes that include pancreatic and cardiomyocytic necrosis and skeletal myopathy (McLoughlin et al. 1996(McLoughlin et al. , 2002. Because of the difficulties inherent in isolating the virus from tissues of affected fish (Nelson et al. 1995), traditionally, these histopathological changes have been the basis on which PD is diagnosed. More recently, tests capable of scree...

show abstract

Pathology of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar intraperitoneally immunized with oil-adjuvanted vaccine. A case report

Cited by 119 publications

References 10 publications

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Sub-clinical infection of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with salmonid alphavirus a prospective longitudinal study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Pathology of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar intraperitoneally immunized with oil-adjuvanted vaccine. A case report

Cited by 119 publications

References 10 publications

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Vaccination-Induced Systemic Autoimmunity in Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Sub-clinical infection of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with salmonid alphavirus a prospective longitudinal study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Sub-clinical infection of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with salmonid alphavirus a prospective longitudinal study