Pathology of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2.1a in turkeys in Bangladesh

Mumu, Tanjin Tamanna; Nooruzzaman, Mohammed; Hasnat, Azmary; Parvin, Rokshana; Chowdhury, Emdadul Haque; Bari, A.S.M.; Islam, Mohammad Rafiqul

doi:10.1177/1040638720965540

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…This high level of detection of H5 AIV is similar to that observed in Egypt, another enzootic country, where HPAI virus was detected in 62.16% of the farms reporting sudden death or drop in egg production (Artois et al, 2018). In contrast to the field observations, officially Bangladesh reported only six HPAI outbreaks to OIE during 2017-2018, though the continuous circulation of both H5 HPAI and H9 LPAI viruses in live bird markets (Chowdhury et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2018;Turner et al, 2017) and a few clinical outbreaks of HPAI due to H5N1 virus (Mumu et al, 2021;Nooruzzaman, Mumu, et al, 2019) have been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Rahman

Nooruzzaman

Kabiraj

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Poultry production in Bangladesh has been experiencing H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) for the last 14 years. Vaccination of chickens against H5 HPAI is in practice since the end of 2012. Subsequently, the official reporting of HPAI outbreaks gradually decreased.However, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial poultry production is not clear. To explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 small-scale commercial layer farms in 20 villages of Mymensingh and Tangail districts of Bangladesh during 2017 and 2018 for the presence of diseases with respiratory signs. A total of 88 farms with respiratory disease problems were identified and investigated during the surveillance. In addition, 22 small-scale commercial layer farms in the neighbouring areas with respiratory disease problem were also investigated on request from the farmers. Pooled samples of oropharyngeal swabs from live birds or respiratory tissues from dead birds of the farm suffering from respiratory disease problem were tested for molecular detection of avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avibacterium paragallinarum. A total of 110 farms (88 in the surveillance site and 22 in the neighbouring region) were investigated, and one or more respiratory pathogens were detected from 89 farms.AIV was detected in 57 farms often concurrently with other pathogens. Among these 57 farms, H5, H9, both H5 and H9 or non-H5 and non-H9 AIV were detected in 28, 9, 13 or 7 farms, respectively. Birds of most of the H5 AIV-positive farms did not present typical clinical signs or high mortality. Twenty such farms were observed longitudinally, which had only 1.05%-5.50% mortality but a marked drop in egg production. This widespread circulation of H5 AIV along with H9 AIV and other pathogens in small-scale commercial layer farms, often with low mortality, reaffirms the enzootic circulation of AIV in Bangladesh, which may escape syndromic surveillance focused on unusual mortality only. To reduce public health risks, strengthening of the | 897 RAHMAN et Al.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Rahman

Nooruzzaman

Kabiraj

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

Self Cite

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“…The study also reported that separating new from old birds in the turkey farms significantly reduced the occurrence of AIV, with the odds of AIV as low as 0.1. In a previous study by Mumu et al ( 36 ), a significant percentage of turkey mortality due to HPAI H5N1 outbreak was reported on a turkey farm in Bangladesh where they reared different ages of turkeys in a single shed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selection of turkey was random, and no specific characteristics were considered during sampling. We recorded the health status of turkey birds following the selection process and identified the sick birds based on their clinical signs and symptoms ( 36 , 41 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Bangladesh, turkeys are reared in a free-range and semi-intensive system ( 26 ), facilitating potential contact with other backyard poultry species and wild birds, which can enhance the chance of AIV transmission ( 34 , 35 ). Additionally, farmers often lack knowledge about turkey rearing, biosecurity, and disease prevention, which could heighten the risk ( 27 , 36 ). LBMs also serve as potential hotspots for AIV transmission, providing an environment for the maintenance of the virus throughout the year and increasing the likelihood of new strains emerging ( 37 , 38 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The co-circulation of HPAI and LPAI strains in different poultry-rearing systems in Bangladesh ( 7 , 32 , 40 ) poses significant challenges to successful turkey farming. In 2017, the abrupt death of turkeys was reported on a turkey farm in the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh, where several birds of that farm were identified as positive with HPAI H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1a with a 13% mortality rate ( 28 , 36 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus infections in turkey farms

Islam,

Dutta

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks pose a significant threat to the health of livestock, wildlife, and humans. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are enzootic in poultry in many countries, including Bangladesh, necessitating improved farm biosecurity measures. However, the comprehension of biosecurity and hygiene practices, as well as the infection of AIV in turkey farms, are poorly understood in Bangladesh. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence of AIV subtypes and their association with biosecurity and hygiene practices in turkey farms. We collected oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from individual turkeys from 197 farms across 9 districts in Bangladesh from March to August 2019. We tested the swab samples for the AIV matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We found 24.68% (95% CI:21.54–28.04) of turkey samples were AIV positive, followed by 5.95% (95% CI: 4.33–7.97) for H5, 6.81% (95% CI: 5.06–8.93) for H9 subtype and no A/H7 was found. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we determined 10 significant risk factors associated with AIV circulation in turkey farms. We found that the absence of sick turkeys, the presence of footbaths, the absence of nearby poultry farms, concrete flooring, and the avoidance of mixing newly purchased turkeys with existing stock can substantially reduce the risk of AIV circulation in turkey farms (odds ratio ranging from 0.02 to 0.08). Furthermore, the absence of nearby live bird markets, limiting wild bird access, no visitor access, improved floor cleaning frequency, and equipment disinfection practices also had a substantial impact on lowering the AIV risk in the farms (odds ratio ranging from 0.10 to 0.13). The results of our study underscore the importance of implementing feasible and cost-effective biosecurity measures aimed at reducing AIV transmission in turkey farms. Particularly in resource-constrained environments such as Bangladesh, such findings might assist governmental entities in enhancing biosecurity protocols within their poultry sector, hence mitigating and potentially averting the transmission of AIV and spillover to humans.

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The One Health Epidemiology of Avian Influenza Infection in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from the Past 15 Years

Hassan,

Dutta,

Islam

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are significant transboundary zoonotic pathogens that concern both animal and human. Since the first report of H5N1 AIV in Bangladesh in early 2007, it resulted in numerous outbreaks across the country, hindering the sustainable growth of the poultry industry through economic losses in different production systems (commercial and backyard). Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus are currently cocirculating and causing infection in poultry sectors in an endemic manner in Bangladesh as well as in wild bird species. The introduction of multiple clades of H5N1 in different poultry species and the reassortment of AIVs with different patterns of infections have complicated the epidemiological situation for control and created conditions to increase the virulence of the virus, host range, and potential zoonotic transmission. The risk of viral transmission at the human–poultry interface is increasing over time due to inadequate surveillance and early detection strategies and practices, ineffective biosecurity practices among poultry raisers, and the complex supply chains of backyard and commercial poultry and live bird market (LBM) systems. Improving AIV surveillance in poultry flocks and LBMs, vaccination, biosecurity, and awareness among poultry professionals is beneficial to controlling the disease burden in the poultry sector. However, human cases of AIV related to poultry production and marketing chain in Bangladesh suggest a One Health approach engaging various stakeholders from the public and private would be a better option for successfully controlling avian influenza outbreaks in Bangladesh. This review of literature presents the comprehensive overview of AIV infection status in Bangladesh, including a description of pathways for zoonotic transmission at different epidemiological interfaces, the genetic evolution of the virus, and the need for improvement of disease control strategies incorporated with early detection, application of effective vaccines, increases the proper biosecurity practices and improvement of awareness among the poultry raisers, traders and consumers using a One Health approach.

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Pathology of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2.1a in turkeys in Bangladesh

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both H5 and H9 avian influenza viruses in small‐scale commercial layer farms of Bangladesh

Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with avian influenza A/H5 and A/H9 virus infections in turkey farms

The One Health Epidemiology of Avian Influenza Infection in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned from the Past 15 Years

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