Pathology and Nomenclature of Human Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors and Related Lesions

Abstract

The pathology and nomenclature of the neuroendocrine cell proliferations in the gut are reviewed. The neoplastic lesions are discussed within the light of a new classification system that attempts to consider the morphologic, functional, and biologic features of the tumors.

Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita grubego — zasady postępowania (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)

“…Radical surgery is performed for tumours larger than 2 cm or between 1 and 2 cm, if the muscular membrane is invaded. Surgery may be radical even in the case of lymph nodes invasion in T3 and T4 tumours, if no distant metastases are present [50][51][52]. The effect of radical resection on the development of distant metastases is not known.…”

Neuroendocrine tumors of the small bowels are on the rise: Early aspects and management

“…In recent years, a TNM classification based on tumor size, depth of invasion and presence of lymph node metastases and/or distant metastases has been proposed and has been combined with a three tiered grading system (see Tables 1 and 2) [13,23,25,26] . Both G1 and G2 NETs are considered well-differentiated NETs whereas G3 characterizes the poorly differentiated NEC.…”

“…NETs of the small bowel are, like the NETs at other sites, categorized according to the WHO classification into welldifferentiated NET, well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (defined by the presence of metastases or the infiltration into the muscularis propria or angioinvasion) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) [23,25,26] . The well-differentiated NETs and well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) stain for synaptophysin and usually also for chromogranin A while the poorly differentiated NECs, subtyped into small cell and large cell neoplasms, stain for synaptophysin but only infrequently and sparsely for chromogranin A.…”

“…The management of advanced NETs of the small bowel has received much attention; however the clinical management of NETs of the small bowel detected early in their course has received little attention even though it is becoming clinically more important. Treatment is based on a reliable classification of the small intestinal NET [9,12,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . In many countries, well-differentiated, intestinal neuroendocrine tumors/carcinomas are classified as carcinoids of the small bowel ("duodenal carcinoids", "jejunal carcinoids", "ileal carcinoids", "midgut carcinoid s") [2,17,[27][28][29] .…”

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Extra-Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

“…Recently it has been defined as a pathological entity in breast cancer (Tavassoli et al, 2003). Additionally, in up to 30% of EP-NEC cases, no primary site can be identified (Kloppel et al, 1996). In the prior 2000 WHO classification, these tumours were known as poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma (PDEC) (Solcia et al, 2000).…”