Pathology and Epidemiology of Phocid Herpesvirus-1 in Wild and Rehabilitating Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in the Northeastern Pacific

Himworth, C. G.; Haulena, Martin; Lambourn, Dyanna M.; Gaydos, Joseph K.; Huggins, Jessica L.; Calambokidis, John; Ford, John K. B.; K, Zaremba; Raverty, Stephen

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.1046

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…PHV‐1, an alpha herpes virus primarily identified postmortem by adrenal and hepatic lesions with intranuclear viral inclusions (Gulland et al, 1997; Osterhaus et al, 1985) is also likely to further compound the effects of inadequate nutrition and prior infection on pups undergoing rehabilitation. While PHV‐1 is considered to be endemic to the Pacific harbor seal population (Goldstein et al, 2003) and older, healthier seals tend to show little to no clinical signs, PHV‐1 can cause significant disease among newborn and weanling seal pups (Goldstein et al, 2004; Harder et al, 1997; Himworth et al, 2010; King et al, 2001; Martina et al, 2002). Mortality among pups may occur solely as a result of PHV‐1 infection, or more commonly, as a result of other preexisting or supervening conditions in concert with PHV‐1 infection (Goldstein et al, 2004; Gulland et al, 1997; Himworth et al, 2010; King et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While PHV‐1 is considered to be endemic to the Pacific harbor seal population (Goldstein et al, 2003) and older, healthier seals tend to show little to no clinical signs, PHV‐1 can cause significant disease among newborn and weanling seal pups (Goldstein et al, 2004; Harder et al, 1997; Himworth et al, 2010; King et al, 2001; Martina et al, 2002). Mortality among pups may occur solely as a result of PHV‐1 infection, or more commonly, as a result of other preexisting or supervening conditions in concert with PHV‐1 infection (Goldstein et al, 2004; Gulland et al, 1997; Himworth et al, 2010; King et al, 2001). It is therefore not clear whether an underlying PHV‐1 infection may predispose pups to other disease processes or if other conditions, such as immunosuppression or poor nutritional status, increase the pathogenicity of the virus (Himworth et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sink or swim: Risk stratification of preweaning mortality in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) admitted for rehabilitation

Cole

Fraser

2021

Marine Mammal Science

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To date, few consistent relationships between survival in rehabilitation programs and diagnostic measures recorded upon admission have been identified for harbor seal pups. Veterinary records for 718 unweaned Pacific harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) admitted to a rehabilitation center were examined to identify clinical factors associated with preweaning survival and develop a triage tool to stratify pups according to their risk of mortality. Physical, serum chemical, and hematological variables were examined and their relationship with survival to weaning was assessed by logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Survival to weaning was 85.1% and many clinical variables reflecting the pups’ age, size, growth, injuries, and blood parameters were associated with the likelihood of survival. A decision tree model, consisting of serum concentrations of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium, successfully stratified harbor seal pups into clinical subgroups according to their preweaning mortality risk. For both the derivation and validation cohorts, pups classified as “high risk” had significantly lower odds of survival, while those classified as “low risk” had significantly greater odds of survival. This simple decision tree could serve as a practical triage tool to help identify and direct care towards pups at higher risk of preweaning mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sink or swim: Risk stratification of preweaning mortality in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) admitted for rehabilitation

Cole

Fraser

2021

Marine Mammal Science

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“…Gammaherpesviruses were detected in samples from healthy and sick pinnipeds of all ages (Martina et al 2003). Phocid herpesvirus 1 can be transmitted between harbor seals within rehabilitation centers and on rookeries (Martina et al 2002;Goldstein et al 2004;Himworth et al 2010). We present serologic data demonstrating that four species of Canadian phocids were exposed to one or more antigenically related herpesviruses and present the detection and partial characterization of at least two novel gammaherpesviruses in three Canadian phocid species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Canadian phocids were reported to be infected with several viruses, including influenza A virus (Nielsen et al 2001), a picornavirus (Kapoor et al 2008), and a paramyxovirus (Daoust et al 1993). Serologic data also suggest that Canadian harbor seals were exposed to one or more herpesviruses (Goldstein et al 2003;Himworth et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpesviruses Including Novel Gammaherpesviruses Are Widespread Among Phocid Seal Species in Canada

Bellehumeur¹,

Nielsen

Measures

et al. 2016

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Little is known about herpesviruses in Canadian pinnipeds. We measured prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses in the sera from Canadian phocid seals by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Wild harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and captive harbor seals were positive for antibodies to Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV-1) at prevalences of 91% and 100%, respectively. Sera from wild hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica), and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were positive for antibodies to PhoHV-1 antigenically related herpesvirus antigens at 73%, 79%, and 96%, respectively. We isolated new herpesviruses in cell culture from two hunter-harvested ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in poor body condition from Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada; one lethargic hooded seal from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada; and one captive, asymptomatic harp seal from the Magdalen Islands, Québec. Partial sequencing of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene revealed that all four virus isolates were closely related to PhoHV-2, a member of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, with nucleotide similarity ranging between 92.8% and 95.3%. The new seal herpesviruses were genetically related to other known pinniped herpesviruses, such as PhoHV-1, Otariid herpesvirus 3, Hawaiian monk (Monachus schauinslandi) seal herpesvirus, and Phocid herpesvirus 5 with 47-48%, 55%, 77%, and 70-77% nucleotide similarities, respectively. The harp seal herpesvirus and both ringed seal herpesviruses were almost identical to each other, whereas the hooded seal herpesvirus was genetically different from the three others (92.8% nucleotide similarity), indicating detection of at least two novel seal herpesviruses. These findings are the first isolation, partial genome sequencing, and identification of seal gammaherpesviruses in three species of Canadian phocid seals; two species of which were suspected of exposure to one or more antigenically related herpesviruses based on serologic analyses.

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“…35 Influenza A viruses have caused significant epizootics in seals along the Northeastern coast of the United States. These viruses have been associated with outbreaks of central nervous system disease or adrenal disease in rehabilitation facilities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pinnipedia

Bonn¹

2015

Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 8

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Pathology and Epidemiology of Phocid Herpesvirus-1 in Wild and Rehabilitating Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) in the Northeastern Pacific

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Sink or swim: Risk stratification of preweaning mortality in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) admitted for rehabilitation

Sink or swim: Risk stratification of preweaning mortality in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) admitted for rehabilitation

Herpesviruses Including Novel Gammaherpesviruses Are Widespread Among Phocid Seal Species in Canada

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