Pathological findings in dogs after multiple Africanized bee stings

Oliveirã, Eurico C.; Pedroso, Pedro Miguel Ocampos; Meirelles, Adriana Érica Wilkes Burton; Pescador, Caroline Argenta; Gouvêa, Aline Silva; Driemeier, David

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.020

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A retrospective study of dogs envenomated by Africanized bees in Brazil demonstrated dark-colored kidneys, dark red urine, dark red lungs, and splenomegaly as the major gross changes [40]. Secondary to massive Africanized bee envenomation (stings by >300 Africanized bees) in a dog, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was identified [41].…”

Section: Venom Pathogenesis and Poisoning In Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Venomous and Poisonous Australian Animals of Veterinary Importance: A Rich Source of Novel Therapeutics

Hardy

Cochrane

Allavena

2014

BioMed Research International

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Envenomation and poisoning by terrestrial animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) are a significant economic problem and health risk for domestic animals in Australia. Australian snakes are some of the most venomous animals in the world and bees, wasps, ants, paralysis ticks, and cane toads are also present as part of the venomous and poisonous fauna. The diagnosis and treatment of envenomation or poisoning in animals is a challenge and can be a traumatic and expensive process for owners. Despite the potency of Australian venoms, there is potential for novel veterinary therapeutics to be modeled on venom toxins, as has been the case with human pharmaceuticals. A comprehensive overview of envenomation and poisoning signs in livestock and companion animals is provided and related to the potential for venom toxins to act as therapeutics.

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Section: Venom Pathogenesis and Poisoning In Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Venomous and Poisonous Australian Animals of Veterinary Importance: A Rich Source of Novel Therapeutics

Hardy

Cochrane

Allavena

2014

BioMed Research International

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“…The renal pathology is generally tubular necrosis, commonly of the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 58 Laboratory findings include hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria and elevation of muscle enzyme levels in the blood. The duration of AKI varies from 1 week to several weeks and is prolonged in elderly patients.…”

Section: Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal toxins and the kidney

Sitprija

2008

Nat Rev Nephrol

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Envenomation or poisoning by toxins from animals poses an important health hazard in the tropics. Animal toxins are complex mixtures of proteins, peptides, enzymes and chemicals. These toxins exert their effects through modulation of ion channels and receptors, and via direct enzyme action. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of ion channels--caused by most marine toxins, and some snake and insect venoms--results in neuromuscular symptoms that can be associated with hemodynamic changes. Toxin enzymes, especially proteases and phospholipase A2, initiate inflammatory processes that involve the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive mediators, resulting in systemic and renal hemodynamic alterations. Toxin enzymes also have direct effects on erythrocytes, myocytes, blood coagulation factors, vascular endothelium and epithelial cells. As a result, disseminated intravascular coagulation, bleeding diathesis, intravascular hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis are common after exposure to animal toxins. The renal manifestations of animal toxin envenomation, which are usually acute, result mainly from these enzymatic effects. All renal structures can be affected by animal toxins, and tubular necrosis is common. Acute kidney injury is attributed to decreased renal blood flow (associated with intravascular hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis), disseminated intravascular coagulation or direct tubular toxicity. Immunologic mechanisms have a minor role in the pathophysiology of nephropathy caused by animal toxins.

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“…Africanized bees have their origin in Brazil after the accidental crossing between the African species Apis mellifera scutellata and the European species Apis mellifera lingustica during the 1950s 2,3 . They are characterized by their aggressiveness and their violent mass attacks 3,4,5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mortality rates for multiple bee stings were approximately 15-25% in previously published studies. The poison components are melitin, apamin, peptide 401, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, with melitin being the main lethal component 2,6 . Allergic manifestations due to bee stings are well known and yet most incidents continue to be underreported in Brazil 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute kidney injury complicating bee stings – a review

Silva

Vasconcelos

Rocha

et al. 2017

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Bee stings can cause severe reactions and have caused many victims in the last years. Allergic reactions can be triggered by a single sting and the greater the number of stings, the worse the prognosis. The poisoning effects can be systemic and can eventually cause death. The poison components are melitin, apamin, peptide 401, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, with melitin being the main lethal component. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be observed in patients suffering from bee stings and this is due to multiple factors, such as intravascular hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension and direct toxicity of the venom components to the renal tubules. Arterial hypotension plays an important role in this type of AKI, leading to ischemic renal lesion. The most commonly identified biopsy finding in these cases is acute tubular necrosis, which can occur due to both, ischemic injury and the nephrotoxicity of venom components. Hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis reported in many cases in the literature, were demonstrated by elevated serum levels of indirect bilirubin and creatine kinase. The severity of AKI seems to be associated with the number of stings, since creatinine levels were higher, in most cases, when there were more than 1,000 stings. The aim of this study is to present an updated review of AKI associated with bee stings, including the currently advised clinical approach.

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Pathological findings in dogs after multiple Africanized bee stings

Cited by 31 publications

References 16 publications

Venomous and Poisonous Australian Animals of Veterinary Importance: A Rich Source of Novel Therapeutics

Venomous and Poisonous Australian Animals of Veterinary Importance: A Rich Source of Novel Therapeutics

Animal toxins and the kidney

Acute kidney injury complicating bee stings – a review

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