Pathologic findings on ruminant enteric clostridial diseases reveal specificities and differences among iota and iota-like toxins

Abstract

The iota toxin (ITX) is a binary enterotoxin produced as a protoxin by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type E that is activated by proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine of infected animals. By depolymerization of the actin filaments, ITX causes cytoskeleton disorganization of cells promoting the increase of the cell permeability. Here, we conducted this review aiming to advance the understanding of enteric clostridial diseases caused by C. perfringens toxins and the specificity of ITX in the intestinal mucosa lesions. ITX consists of an enzymatic component (Ia) and a binding component (Ib). We screened the recently published histological findings of the ITX effects and its relationship with intestinal enteric diseases. Histologically, hemorrhagic necrosis and multifocal hemorrhage have been observed in the jejunum-ileum mucosa, the small intestine, and the abomasum. Although the diagnosis is still based on the presence of toxins in the intestinal contents and the clinical and/or histological history, it is important to develop novel enterotoxemic indicators capable of establishing precise methods for differentiate the actions of ITX and other toxins involved in the infectious process of C. perfringens type E.

Using an Aluminum Hydroxide–Chitosan Matrix Increased the Vaccine Potential and Immune Response of Mice against Multi-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

“…Murine models of sepsis and pneumonia caused by A. baumannii are thought to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis and the dynamics of the host response because these animals develop acute infections with pathological changes; they can therefore be used for the elaboration of new infection protocols and vaccine quality control and for the development of pharmacological interventions [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Consumption of mite‐ripened cheese did not impair the physiological status of both the non‐immunosuppressed and immunosuppressed mice

“…Individuals more susceptible to infections and toxiinfections, such as children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed, require greater attention to the type of food ingested, thus reducing the risk of harmful exposure (Miceli et al 2011;Madan et al 2022). Food safety strategies that assess product toxicity have been employed using a murine model (Cangussu et al 2018;Felix et al 2019;Chen 2020;Pulido et al 2020;Brito et al 2021). Murine models do not develop signs of disease as described in humans or other mammals; however, they are important since they develop an acute infection and associated pathological changes (Silvestre et al 2014;Cangussu et al 2018;Felix et al 2019;Brito et al 2021).…”

“…Food safety strategies that assess product toxicity have been employed using a murine model (Cangussu et al 2018;Felix et al 2019;Chen 2020;Pulido et al 2020;Brito et al 2021). Murine models do not develop signs of disease as described in humans or other mammals; however, they are important since they develop an acute infection and associated pathological changes (Silvestre et al 2014;Cangussu et al 2018;Felix et al 2019;Brito et al 2021).…”

“…2020; Brito et al . 2021). Murine models do not develop signs of disease as described in humans or other mammals; however, they are important since they develop an acute infection and associated pathological changes (Silvestre et al .…”