Pathologic and molecular findings associated with atypical porcine pestivirus infection in newborn piglets

Possatti, Flávia; Oliveira, Thalita Evani Silva de; Leme, Raquel Arruda; Zotti, Everson; Agnol, Alais Maria Dall; Alfieri, Amauri Alcindo; Headley, Selwyn Arlington

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.026

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Transmission electron microscopy performed in two CNS tissues revealed not only hypomyelination of the cerebellar white matter but also more severe changes, such as interruption and breakdown of myelin, in animals affected by APPV [50]. These histopathological lesions described in piglets with CT, primary demyelination, and/or hypomyelination, can be considered a neuropathological characteristic associated with APPV infection [49]. The high viral loads of APPV in the CNS, along with the lesions observed in these tissues, explains the intensity of the neurological symptoms caused by APPV [46,47].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 84%

“…To date, no significant macroscopic lesions have been described in piglets with CT [48][49][50]. Histopathological findings in APPV infections primarily include vacuolization of the white matter in the cerebellum [48,50,51].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies using Luxol ® Fast Blue staining have shown a reduction in the intensity of myelin staining in the white matter of the spinal cord, cerebrum, cerebellum, and sciatic nerve, which implies a decrease in the amount of myelin in these tissues [16,48,50,52,53]. Gliosis has also been observed in the cerebral cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the spinal cord [16,49,50]. Other histopathological lesions observed in affected piglets were neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia with satellitosis, particularly at the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, Wallerian degeneration of the spinal cord, and necrosis of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum [49].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gliosis has also been observed in the cerebral cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the spinal cord [16,49,50]. Other histopathological lesions observed in affected piglets were neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia with satellitosis, particularly at the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, Wallerian degeneration of the spinal cord, and necrosis of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum [49]. Transmission electron microscopy performed in two CNS tissues revealed not only hypomyelination of the cerebellar white matter but also more severe changes, such as interruption and breakdown of myelin, in animals affected by APPV [50].…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the occurrence of CT, the litters from first parity sows are most affected by APPV infection, and this infection rarely occurs in higher birth order [10,48,49]. During an outbreak on a farm in the Netherlands, 48 litters with CT were born from gilts and were monitored, the number of piglets affected within each litter ranged from <10 to 100%.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Implications In Pig Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

Agnol

Alfieri

2020

Viruses

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The atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) belongs to the species Pestivirus K of the genus Pestivirus and the family Flaviviridae, and it has been associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets. Although APPV was discovered in 2015, evidence shows that APPV has circulated in pig herds for many years, at least since 1986. Due to the frequently reported outbreaks of CT on different continents, the importance of this virus for global pig production is notable. Since 2015, several studies have been conducted to clarify the association between APPV and CT. However, some findings regarding APPV infection and the measures taken to control and prevent the spread of this virus need to be contextualized to understand the infection better. This review attempts to highlight advances in the understanding of APPV associated with type A-II CT, such as etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control and prevention measures, and also describes the pathophysiology of the infection and its consequences for pig production. Further research still needs to be conducted to elucidate the host’s immune response to APPV infection, the control and prevention of this infection, and the possible development of vaccines.

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Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis and Clinical-pathological Manifestation Associamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiology and Implications In Pig Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

Agnol

Alfieri

2020

Viruses

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A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets

Stenberg

Jacobson

Malmberg

2020

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Congenital tremor (CT) is a neurological disease that affects new-born piglets. It was described in 1922 and six different forms, designated type AI-V and type B, are described based on the causative agents, as well as specific histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS). The various forms present with identical clinical signs consisting of mild to severe tremor of the head and body, sometimes complicated with ataxia. By definition, all A-forms have hypomyelination of the CNS, whereas there are no histopathological lesions with the B-form. The cause of the A-II form was long unknown, however, at present several different viruses have been proposed as the causative agent: porcine circovirus-II (PCV-II), astrovirus, PCV-like virus P1, and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Currently, APPV is the only virus that has been proven to fulfill Mokili's Metagenomic Koch's Postulates. Following infection of the pregnant sow, the virus passes the placental barrier and infects the fetus. Interestingly, no clinical signs of disease have been associated with APPV in adult pigs. Furthermore, other viruses cannot be ruled out as additional potential causes of CT. Given the increased interest and research in CT type A-II, the aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge.

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Atypical porcine pestivirus—A widespread virus in the Swedish wild boar population

Stenberg

Leveringhaus

Malmsten

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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The recently identified causative agent of congenital tremor in domestic piglets, atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), was detected in serum from Swedish wild boar. A previous study from Sweden described APPV in domestic piglets suffering from congenital tremor, but the APPV situation in the wild boar population was unknown. In this study, 595 serum samples from wild boar originating from 13 counties in the south and central parts of Sweden, collected between 2000 and 2018, were analysed for the presence of the APPV‐genome and for antibodies against the APPV‐glycoprotein Erns. The results revealed that APPV is highly abundant in the Swedish wild boar population; 12% (73/595) were APPV‐genome positive in serum and 72% (433/595) of the tested wild boars displayed APPV‐specific antibodies. The present study also shows that APPV has been present in the Swedish wild boar population since at least the year 2000. The viral sequences obtained from the wild boars were highly similar to those obtained from Swedish domestic pigs positive for APPV and suffering from congenital tremor, suggesting a viral exchange between wild boars and domestic pigs. The high proportion of viraemic and seropositive wild boar is indicative of wild boar being an important reservoir for APPV.

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Pathologic and molecular findings associated with atypical porcine pestivirus infection in newborn piglets

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets

A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets

Atypical porcine pestivirus—A widespread virus in the Swedish wild boar population

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