Pathogens, Parasites and Other Symbionts

Shields, Jeffrey D.; Stephens, Frances; Jones, J. B.

doi:10.1002/9780470995969.ch5

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 322 publications

(461 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, all lobsters were held in the same volume of water, and this aquatic contact should have facilitated the spread of disease were the fish diets were acting as an innoculum. Finally, Vibrio algynolyticus, which is responsible for impoundment shell disease in other crustaceans (Shields et al 2006), was present in lesions of lobsters fed diets not containing fish.This experiment may offer an explanation for the contradictory results of previous studies. Essentially, the results of short-term (<1 molt cycle, e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short- and long-term dietary effects on disease and mortality in American lobster Homarus americanus

Tlusty¹,

Myers²,

Metzler³

2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The American lobster Homarus americanus fishery is heavily dependent on the use of fish as bait to entice lobsters into traps. There is concern that this food supplementation is nutritionally insufficient for lobsters, but previous experiments reported conflicting results. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in which 1 yr old American lobsters were fed one of 7 diets for a period of 352 d, a time that allowed the lobsters to molt thrice. The diets consisted of fresh frozen herring, a 'wild' diet (rock crab, mussel, and Spirulina algae), a formulated artificial diet for shrimp, paired combinations of these 3 diets or a diet formulated at the New England Aquarium (Artemia, fish and krill meal, Spirulina algae, soy lecithin, vitamins and minerals). The lobsters fed the diet of 100% fish had higher initial molting rates, but within the period of this experiment all either contracted shell disease or died. Mixed diets resulted in higher survival and a lower probability of mortality. This research demonstrated a critical time component to diet studies in lobsters. Short-and long-term impacts of diet differ. In the long term, continual high consumption rates of fish by the lobsters promote poor health in all lobsters, not just those of market size. The use of fish as bait may make lobsters more susceptible to the stress associated with environmental fluctuation, thereby leading to increased disease and mortality. This nutritional stress can be used to develop a laboratory model of shell disease in American lobsters. KEY WORDS: American lobster · Bait · Diet · Herring · Shell disease · Laboratory model Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 78: [249][250][251][252][253] 2008 bait is so pervasive that many fishers claim that wild lobsters have essentially been 'cultured' through food supplementation (Saila et al. 2002).If a lobster's diet is comprised largely of bait, then it is critical that this food is of sufficient quality to maintain lobster health. A number of studies has assessed the adequacy of fish as a dietary component. Some studies showed that lobsters fare well when fed fish. Donahue et al. (1998) found that lobsters held in pounds and fed cod for 38 d had better shell quality and weight gain than those fed artificial diets. Likewise, Grabowski et al. (2005) observed that lobsters from fished areas that consumed bait as a diet component) grew more over a month than lobsters from unfished areas (no bait in the diet). Other evidence suggests that fish may not be an appropriate diet for lobsters in the long term. Lobster caught using thawed mackerel were 7 times more likely to be graded 'weak' at the processing stage than lobsters landed using other bait types (Lavallee et al. 2000). Prince et al. (1995) found a higher incidence of shell disease when market-size lobsters were fed bait items as opposed to artificial diets. Likewise, Stewart et al. (1967) found that a diet consisting only of herring significantly depressed serum protein va...

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confidence: 99%

Short- and long-term dietary effects on disease and mortality in American lobster Homarus americanus

Tlusty¹,

Myers²,

Metzler³

2008

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In the western North Atlantic, mechanisms determining the dispersal and invasiveness of sacculinid parasites are of great concern because the commercially important greater blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, is 1 of several portunid crabs infected by the castrating sacculinid Loxothylacus texanus. Blue crab commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico are worth more than US$30 million annually (Guillory et al, 1998) and suffer from periods of high parasite prevalence (Shields and Overstreet, 2003). In contrast, blue crabs along the United States Atlantic coast are not infected by this parasite and in this region the commercial fishery in 2004 was worth US$101 million (NOAA Web site).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the larval dispersal stage of this parasite cannot survive salinities lower than 20 ppt (Tindle et al, 2004), it is conceivable that southeastern U.S. rivers create barriers to northern expansion. Possible counterevidence includes 1 report of L. texanus infection of blue crabs in South Carolina (Eldridge and Waltz, 1977, as cited in Shields and Overstreet, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity and Expanding Nonindigenous Range of the Rhizocephalan Loxothylacus Panopaei Parasitizing Mud Crabs in the Western North Atlantic

Kruse¹,

Hare²

2007

Journal of Parasitology

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Nonindigenous parasite introductions and range expansions have become a major concern because of their potential to restructure communities and impact fisheries. Molecular markers provide an important tool for reconstructing the pattern of introduction. The parasitic castrator Loxothylacus panopaei, a rhizocephalan barnacle, infects estuarine mud crabs in the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Florida. A similar parasite introduced into Chesapeake Bay before 1964, presumably via infected crabs associated with oysters from the Gulf of Mexico, was identified as L. panopaei. Our samples of this species during 2004 and 2005 show that the introduced range has expanded as far south as Edgewater, Florida, just north of the northern endemic range limit. The nonindigenous range expanded southward at a rate of up to 165 km/yr with relatively high prevalence, ranging from 30 to 93%. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from the cytochrome oxidase I gene showed that these nonindigenous L. panopaei are genetically distinct from the endemic parasites in southeastern Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The genetic difference was also associated with distinct host spectra. These results are incompatible with an eastern Gulf source population, but suggest that unrecognized genetic and phenotypic population structure may occur among Gulf of Mexico populations of Loxothylacus.

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“…High mortalities caused by gaffkaemia have been reported in both species from holding facilities in a number of European countries: Norway (Roskam 1957, Egidius 1978, The Netherlands (Roskam 1957), Ireland (Gibson 1961, Alderman 1996 and the UK (Wood 1962, 1963, Ayres et al 1973, Edwards et al 1981. Reports have also been made of gaffkaemia found in wild lobster populations in Norway (Wiik et al 1987) and the Orkney Islands (Nilsen et al 2002in Shields et al 2006. Evidence has also been presented suggesting that gaffkaemia is present in UK waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Limited prevalance of gaffkaemia (Aerococcus viridans var. homari) isolated from wild-caught European lobsters Homarus gammarus in England and Wales

Stebbing

Pond²,

Peeler³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Gaffkaemia, caused by Aerococcus viridans var. homari, causes fatal infections in Homarus spp. (clawed lobsters). Despite its high economic significance to the lobster fisheries in the USA and northern Europe, data on its prevalence in captured and wild populations, particularly in Europe, is scarce. Following an outbreak of gaffkaemia in a European lobster holding facility in South Wales (UK), a base-line survey was conducted for gaffkaemia in wild populations of European lobster Homarus gammarus around the coast of England and Wales. In addition, isolates recovered from the original outbreak and the survey were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and compared with previously characterised isolates from the USA, UK and Canada.

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Pathogens, Parasites and Other Symbionts

Cited by 43 publications

References 322 publications

Short- and long-term dietary effects on disease and mortality in American lobster Homarus americanus

Short- and long-term dietary effects on disease and mortality in American lobster Homarus americanus

Genetic Diversity and Expanding Nonindigenous Range of the Rhizocephalan Loxothylacus Panopaei Parasitizing Mud Crabs in the Western North Atlantic

Limited prevalance of gaffkaemia (Aerococcus viridans var. homari) isolated from wild-caught European lobsters Homarus gammarus in England and Wales

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