Pathogens manipulate host autophagy through injected effector proteins

Lal, Neeraj K.; Thanasuwat, Burinrutt; Chan, Barry; Dinesh, P.

doi:10.1080/15548627.2020.1831816

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Researchers found that ATG8 interacted with several effectors, while HrpZ1 targeted ATG8 to enhance autophagy levels and increase the virulence of Pto DC3000 hrcC, HopF3 targeted ATG8 to suppress autophagy. Although the interactions between ATG1, ATG7, ATG12, and several effectors were found in this study, the exact mechanism of these interactions in plant disease resistance is unclear [52]. Some of ATGs knockout mutations exhibited enhanced susceptibility to pathogen infection, such as atg2, atg5, atg6, atg7, atg9, atg10, and atg18 [13,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Atgs Involved In Plant Resistance To Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Autophagy plays a role in promoting and inhibiting pathogens in host-pathogen interactions. Hosts can induce or inhibit plant autophagy during pathogen infection, which is beneficial to resist pathogen invasion [52]. A recent study revealed the interaction between different ATGs and different pathogen effectors.…”

Section: Atgs Involved In Plant Resistance To Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research Progress of ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism

Huang

Zhang

Chen

2021

IJMS

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Autophagy is an important pathway of degrading excess and abnormal proteins and organelles through their engulfment into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with the vacuole. Autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are essential for the formation of autophagosomes. To date, about 35 ATGs have been identified in Arabidopsis, which are involved in the occurrence and regulation of autophagy. Among these, 17 proteins are related to resistance against plant pathogens. The transcription coactivator non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is involved in innate immunity and acquired resistance in plants, which regulates most salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes. This paper mainly summarizes the role of ATGs and NPR1 in plant immunity and the advancement of research on ATGs in NPR1 metabolism, providing a new idea for exploring the relationship between ATGs and NPR1.

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Section: Atgs Involved In Plant Resistance To Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Atgs Involved In Plant Resistance To Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism

Huang

Zhang

Chen

2021

IJMS

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“…Autophagy is an essential recycling mechanism in eukaryotic cells that coordinates the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components, ensuring the availability of metabolic building blocks and the repair and turnover of damaged cellular components. Autophagy is associated with various signaling pathways that lead to biotic and abiotic stress responses, to senescence, and cell death [ 6 – 9 ]. The proteins that constitute the core machinery of the mechanism are highly conserved among eukaryotes and are manipulated by effectors from viral [ 10 ], bacterial [ 11 ], fungal [ 12 ], and oomycete pathogens [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phytophthora parasitica effector AVH195 interacts with ATG8, attenuates host autophagy, and promotes biotrophic infection

Testi,

Kuhn,

Allasia

et al. 2024

BMC Biol

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Background Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to suppress immune responses and manipulate fundamental cellular processes. One of these processes is autophagy, an essential recycling mechanism in eukaryotic cells that coordinates the turnover of cellular components and contributes to the decision on cell death or survival. Results We report the characterization of AVH195, an effector from the broad-spectrum oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica. We show that P. parasitica expresses AVH195 during the biotrophic phase of plant infection, i.e., the initial phase in which host cells are maintained alive. In tobacco, the effector prevents the initiation of cell death, which is caused by two pathogen-derived effectors and the proapoptotic BAX protein. AVH195 associates with the plant vacuolar membrane system and interacts with Autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) isoforms/paralogs. When expressed in cells from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the effector delays vacuolar fusion and cargo turnover upon stimulation of autophagy, but does not affect algal viability. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AVH195 delays the turnover of ATG8 from endomembranes and promotes plant susceptibility to P. parasitica and the obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Conclusions Taken together, our observations suggest that AVH195 targets ATG8 to attenuate autophagy and prevent associated host cell death, thereby favoring biotrophy during the early stages of the infection process.

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“…Plant genomes encode multiple disease resistance proteins which are essential to trigger and increase the immune response for pathogens (Tang et al, 2017). Genetic recombination might be the genetic basis for the diversity of NLR genes (Lal et al, 2020). Though with the high copy number, NLR genes are highly conserved in structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diversity of NLRs inBrassica rapaPan-genome

Liu,

Zhu,

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The species Brassica rapa is mainly cultivated as a vegetable crop with high economic value. But infectious diseases, such as soft rot disease and clubroot disease can cause severe yield losses. Introducing resistance genes through breeding is an efficient and sustainable way to reduce the susceptibility and improve the yield of crops. Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLR) genes are the main types of resistance genes. They can recognize pathogen effectors and initiate downstream immune response. However, the intraspecific diversity of NLR genes in Brassica rapa has remained unknown. Based on domain similarity search and machine learning pipeline, we identified 2188 NLR genes in 17 accessions of Brassica rapa genomes, which constitute the species-wide pan-NLRome in Brassica rapa. The diversity of the four types of NLR genes are significantly different in the aspects of chromosome location, number stability, integrated domains (IDs), evolutionary trajectory, and positive selection sites. Phylogenetic analyses show TNL-type NLRs whose N terminus contain Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain experienced accession-specific expansion. Moreover, the expanded TNL-type NLRs carry more positively selected amino acid residues which are mainly located on the protein surface based on their 3D structures. These evidences might imply their important biological function in perceiving pathogen effectors. Taken together, our study provides better insights into the diversity and variation of NLR genes in Brassica rapa pangemone, which can facilitate the biofunction assigning, cloning, and subsequent application in breeding programs.

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Pathogens manipulate host autophagy through injected effector proteins

Cited by 8 publications

References 1 publication

Research Progress of ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism

Research Progress of ATGs Involved in Plant Immunity and NPR1 Metabolism

The Phytophthora parasitica effector AVH195 interacts with ATG8, attenuates host autophagy, and promotes biotrophic infection

The Diversity of NLRs inBrassica rapaPan-genome

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