Pathogenicity of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of different lineages isolated from live bird markets tested in three animal models: SPF chickens, Korean native chickens, and ducks

Kye, Soo-Jeong; Park, Minji; Kim, Nayoung; Lee, Yuna; Heo, Gyeong-Beom; Baek, Yoon-Ki; Shin, Jaein; Lee, Myoung-Heon; Lee, Youn‐Jeong

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101318

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This indicated the ability of the Egyptian LPAI H9N2 variants to infect both the respiratory and the digestive tract. A previous study revealed that other H9N2 virus variants of the Y439-like lineage could be detected until 7 dpi intranasally in infected chickens with no clinical signs [ 37 ]. Normal histological architecture was observed in all birds in the negative control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Adel

Abdelmagid

Mohamed

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the most prevalent influenza subtypes in domestic poultry. Several different variants and genotypes of LPAI H9N2 viruses have been reported in Egypt, but little is known about their pathogenicity and how they have evolved. In this study, four different Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses were genetically and antigenically characterized and compared to representative H9N2 viruses from G1 lineage. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of three genetically distinct Egyptian LPAI H9N2 viruses was assessed by experimental infection in chickens. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the H9N2 virus of the Egy-2 G1-B lineage (pigeon-like) has become the dominant circulating H9N2 genotype in Egypt since 2016. Considerable variation in virus shedding at day 7 post-infections was detected in infected chickens, but no significant difference in pathogenicity was found between the infected groups. The rapid spread and emergence of new genotypes of the influenza viruses pinpoint the importance of continuous surveillance for the detection of novel reassortant viruses, as well as monitoring the viral evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Adel

Abdelmagid

Mohamed

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…During our sampling period, 14 H9N2 human cases resulting from exposure to poultry were reported in China, 54 and the Y439 lineage of H9N2 was detected in an area in South Korea (i.e., upwind of Taiwan). 55 The long-range transportation of H9 through cold air masses from upwind areas such as China and South Korea to downwind areas such as Taiwan might be a possible explanation for higher positive rates and mean concentrations of H9 during days affected by cold air masses. In addition, when cold air masses travel south, the number of migratory birds increases, 29 increasing the risk of AIV transmission.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For days affected by cold air masses, both the positive rates and geometric mean concentrations of H9 was higher than those on days not affected by cold air masses, while concentrations exhibited statistical significance. During our sampling period, 14 H9N2 human cases resulting from exposure to poultry were reported in China, and the Y439 lineage of H9N2 was detected in an area in South Korea (i.e., upwind of Taiwan) . The long-range transportation of H9 through cold air masses from upwind areas such as China and South Korea to downwind areas such as Taiwan might be a possible explanation for higher positive rates and mean concentrations of H9 during days affected by cold air masses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Avian Influenza Virus in Ambient Air in the Winter Habitats of Migratory Birds

Zhang

Chen

Lin

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Outbreaks of avian influenza virus (AIV) have raised public concerns recently. Airborne AIV has been evaluated in live poultry markets and case farms; however, no study has discussed airborne AIV in ambient air in the winter habitats of migratory birds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate airborne AIV, specifically H5, H7, and H9, in a critical winter habitat of migratory birds and assess the factors influencing airborne AIV transmission in ambient air to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of avian influenza. A total of 357 ambient air samples were collected in the Aogu Wetland, Taiwan, Republic of China, between October 2017 and December 2019 and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of environmental factors including air pollutants, meteorological factors, and the species of the observed migratory birds on the concentration of airborne AIV were also analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between airborne AIV in ambient air and the influence factors in the winter habitats of migratory birds, demonstrating the benefits of environmental sampling for infectious disease epidemiology. The positive rate of airborne H7 (12%) was higher than that of H5 (8%) and H9 (10%). The daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with influenza A, H7, and H9. Cold air masses and bird migration were significantly associated with airborne H9 and H7, respectively. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between AIV and the number of pintails, common teals, Indian spot-billed ducks, northern shovelers, Eurasian wigeons, tufted ducks, pied avocets, black-faced spoonbills, and great cormorants. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential for alternative surveillance approaches (monitoring bird species) as an indicator for influenza-related risks and identified cold air masses and the presence of specific bird species as potential drivers of the presence and/or the airborne concentration of AIV.

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“…Major concerns with H9N2 AIV infections are associated with the high transmission rate, which generally occurs in the form of spillovers from wild migratory birds to domestic poultry [ 12 , 13 ]. The transmission of H9N2 AIV is known to occur in turkeys, quail, crow, sparrows and pigs [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]; however, its transmission from avian species to humans was also well documented between 2015 and 2021 [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens

Raj

Alizadeh

Shoojadoost³

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (CpG ODN 2007 and poly(I:C)) to reduce H9N2 AIV transmission from TLR-treated seeder (trial 1) or inoculated chickens (trial 2) to naive chickens. The results from trial 1 revealed that a low dose of CpG ODN 2007 led to the highest reduction in oral shedding, and a high dose of poly(I:C) was effective at reducing oral and cloacal shedding. Regarding transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to CpG ODN 2007 low-dose-treated seeder chickens showed a maximum reduction in shedding with the lowest number of AIV+ chickens. The results from trial 2 revealed a maximum reduction in oral and cloacal shedding in the poly(I:C) high-dose-treated chickens (recipients), followed by the low-dose CpG ODN 2007 group. In these two groups, the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), viperin, and (interleukin) IL-1β, IL-8, and 1L-18 was upregulated in the spleen, cecal tonsils and lungs. Hence, TLR ligands can reduce AIV transmission in chickens.

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Pathogenicity of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of different lineages isolated from live bird markets tested in three animal models: SPF chickens, Korean native chickens, and ducks

Cited by 22 publications

References 41 publications

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Genetic Variations among Different Variants of G1-like Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses and Their Pathogenicity in Chickens

Airborne Avian Influenza Virus in Ambient Air in the Winter Habitats of Migratory Birds

Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens

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