Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes against the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Background Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodopterafrugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the new invasive pest of different economic crops, threatening the agricultural economy worldwide. Chemical insecticides are the main control management strategy applied by almost farmers. As the adverse effect of these chemicals on the environment and human health, improving alternative environmentally friendly control against this pest is urgently needed. In this response, the pathogenicity bioassays of 2 entomopathogenic nematode species (EPNs), Steinernemacarpocapsae (All) and Heterorhabditisindica (EGAZ2), on different FAW larval instars (2nd to 6th instars) were assessed under laboratory conditions. Results The results cleared that FAW larval mortality rate was varied significantly related to nematode species, post-exposure times and developmental instar stages. S.carpocapsae application was more virulent and effective against all tested instars larvae, registering 100% mortality after 48–72 h post-exposure at different nematode concentrations (150–2400 IJs). However, H.indica caused 100% mortality in early instars only after 96 h, but late instars required a longer time extending to 120–188 h at tested concentrations. In this context, 2nd and 3rd instars were highly susceptible to Heterorhabditis species infection. Lower nematode concentrations (150–300 IJs) caused moderate mortality 33.33–50%, respectively, in 5th and 6th full-developed larvae only. All recovery larvae post-infection died in the pupal stage or adult emerged with wing malformation. Conclusion The 2 EPN species were virulent against different FAW larval instars at different concentrations and exposure times. Thereby, they are recommended as biocontrol agents against this invasive pest, particularly S.carpocapsae after low-exposure time. This study provides essential information on EPNs, which will further help in the practical application of biological control against fall armyworm.

Host microRNA interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3’-untranslated region

“…The normalized intensity was recorded and fitted to equation 2 for determination of the IC50 value (AAT Frye 12 Bioquest, equation adapted in Origin Pro) for the experiment. (48)(49)(50)(51)(52) In equation 2, F max and F min represent the maximum and minimum fluorescent intensities of the experiment. F o represents the fluorescent intensity at each data point, and [S] o represents the concentration of competing ligand, in this case the FANAs or untagged miRs.…”