Pathogenicity and virulence of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Cheung, Gordon Y. C.; Bae, Justin S.; Otto, Michael

doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688

Cited by 683 publications

(606 citation statements)

References 283 publications

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“…Staphylococcal virulence factors have been shown to contribute to the increased severity of associated infections. Particularly, the virulence factors that have been described in nasal S. aureus are the Panton–Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), staphylococcal enterotoxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin [ 199 , 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 ].…”

Section: Main Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports

et al. 2021

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In this conceptual review, we thoroughly searched for appropriate English articles on nasal staphylococci carriage among healthy people with no reported risk of colonization (Group A), food handlers (Group B), veterinarians (Group C), and livestock farmers (Group D) published between 2000 and 2021. Random-effects analyses of proportions were performed to determine the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, MRSA, MRSA-CC398, and MSSA-CC398, as well as the prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus from all eligible studies. A total of 166 eligible papers were evaluated for Groups A/B/C/D (n = 58/31/26/51). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in healthy humans of Groups A to D were 15.9, 7.8, 34.9, and 27.1%, and 0.8, 0.9, 8.6, and 13.5%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA-CC398 nasal carriage among healthy humans was as follows: Group A/B (<0.05%), Group C (1.4%), Group D (5.4%); and the following among Group D: pig farmers (8.4%) and dairy farmers (4.7%). The pooled prevalence of CC398 lineage among the MSSA and MRSA isolates from studies of the four groups were Group A (2.9 and 6.9%), B (1.5 and 0.0%), C (47.6% in MRSA), and D (11.5 and 58.8%). Moreover, MSSA-CC398 isolates of Groups A and B were mostly of spa-t571 (animal-independent clade), while those of Groups C and D were spa-t011 and t034. The MRSA-CC398 was predominately of t011 and t034 in all the groups (with few other spa-types, livestock-associated clades). The pooled prevalence of MSSA and MRSA isolates carrying the PVL encoding genes were 11.5 and 9.6% (ranges: 0.0–76.9 and 0.0–28.6%), respectively. Moreover, one PVL-positive MSSA-t011-CC398 isolate was detected in Group A. Contact with livestock and veterinary practice seems to increase the risk of carrying MRSA-CC398, but not in food handlers. Thus, this emphasizes the need for integrated molecular epidemiology of zoonotic staphylococci.

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Section: Main Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports

et al. 2021

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“…In each agr group, the AgrC receptor recognizes a specific AIP structure (i.e., AIP-1 through AIP-4). Blockage of quorum sensing has been shown to attenuate the expression of virulence factors in Gram-positive bacteria [ 10 ].…”

Section: Staphylococcus Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biofilms are multicellular microbial communities encased within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance comprising polysaccharides such as PNAG, proteins and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Biofilm infections are clinically important because bacteria in biofilms afford increased resistance to antimicrobial compounds and host immunity [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Treatment of biofilm infection is complicated by the fact that often it occurs in areas of the body that are poorly accessible for therapeutic treatment.…”

Section: Staphylococcus Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can express CWA proteins that interact with extracellular matrix proteins but lacks cytolytic toxins that are produced in abundance by S. aureus [ 2 ]. Both species use several CWA proteins and the polysaccharide poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG) for promoting biofilm formation [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Due to the pivotal role they play in bacteria pathogenesis and their prompt accessibility, surface-exposed proteins and secreted virulence factors represent the ideal target for the host immune system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed and Secreted Proteins from Staphylococci

Speziale

Pietrocola

2021

Vaccines

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Staphylococci (specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) are the causative agents of diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to severe conditions such as fatal pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and endocarditis. The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to serious problems of resistance to staphylococcal disease and has generated a renewed interest in alternative therapeutic agents such as vaccines and antibodies. Staphylococci express a large repertoire of surface and secreted virulence factors, which provide mechanisms (adhesion, invasion and biofilm development among others) for both bacterial survival in the host and evasion from innate and adaptive immunity. Consequently, the development of antibodies that target specific antigens would provide an effective protective strategy against staphylococcal infections. In this review, we report an update on efforts to develop anti-staphylococci monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives: minibodies, antibody–antibiotic conjugates) and the mechanism by which such antibodies can help fight infections. We also provide an overview of mAbs used in clinical trials and highlight their therapeutic potential in various infectious contexts.

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“…Although S. aureus is equipped with numerous toxins and tissue-degrading enzymes, it seems to be able to downregulate their expression (most people are considered asymptomatic carriers of this pathogen, especially in nostrils) [ 11 ]. However, a compromission of the human immune system and transgression of S. aureus to normally sterile niches of the organism (such as the blood system or the subcutaneous tissue forming the wound bed) activate S. aureus to release its virulence factors and to damage the eukaryotic cells [ 12 ]. Additionally, the methicillin resistance (MR) pattern which is more and more common among staphylococci and which leads to resistance against basically all β-lactam antibiotics has become a global threat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Co-Culture of Staphylococcal Biofilm and Fibroblast Cell Line: The Correlation of Biological Phenomena with Metabolic NMR1 Footprint

Czajkowska

Junka

Hoppe

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens associated with several types of biofilm-based infections, including infections of chronic wounds. Mature staphylococcal biofilm is extremely hard to eradicate from a wound and displays a high tendency to induce recurring infections. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate in vitro the interaction between S. aureus biofilm and fibroblast cells searching for metabolites that could be considered as potential biomarkers of critical colonization and infection. Utilizing advanced microscopy and microbiological methods to examine biofilm formation and the staphylococcal infection process, we were able to distinguish 4 phases of biofilm development. The analysis of staphylococcal biofilm influence on the viability of fibroblasts allowed us to pinpoint the moment of critical colonization—12 h post contamination. Based on the obtained model we performed a metabolomics analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy to provide new insights into the pathophysiology of infection. We identified a set of metabolites related to the switch to anaerobic metabolism that was characteristic for staphylococcal biofilm co-cultured with fibroblast cells. The data presented in this study may be thus considered a noteworthy but preliminary step in the direction of developing a new, NMR-based tool for rapid diagnosing of infection in a chronic wound.

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Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 683 publications

References 283 publications

Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports

Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports

Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed and Secreted Proteins from Staphylococci

The Co-Culture of Staphylococcal Biofilm and Fibroblast Cell Line: The Correlation of Biological Phenomena with Metabolic NMR1 Footprint

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