Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus

Pintó, Rosa M.; Pérez-Rodríguez, Francisco-Javier; Costafreda, María Isabel; Chavarria-Miró, Gemma; Guix, Susana; Ribes, Eva; Bosch, Albert

doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1910442

Cited by 31 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…While infection is largely asymptomatic in children (>90% of children less than 6 years old), symptoms are much more common (>70%) in adults [12,13]. Older patients are at increased risk of severe outcomes, hospitalization, and death [14,15]. Fulminant hepatitis is rare, occurring in less than 1% of cases, but cholestatic forms and relapsing hepatitis have also been described [16].…”

Section: Clinical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Migueres

Lhomme

Izopet

2021

Viruses

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The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is transmitted mainly by direct contact with patients who have been infected or by ingesting contaminated water or food. The virus is endemic in low-income countries where sanitary and sociodemographic conditions are poor. Paradoxically, improving sanitary conditions in these countries, which reduces the incidence of HAV infections, can lead to more severe disease in susceptible adults. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible to HAV, and large outbreaks can occur when the virus is spread by globalization and by increased travel and movement of foodstuffs. Most of these outbreaks occur among high-risk groups: travellers, men who have sex with men, people who use substances, and people facing homelessness. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination; safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. The development of HAV antivirals may be important to control HAV outbreaks in developed countries where a universal vaccination programme is not recommended.

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Section: Clinical Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Migueres

Lhomme

Izopet

2021

Viruses

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“…Several viruses are hepatotrophic and can cause liver injury. Most hepatitis viruses only cause acute infections that are usually subclinical and self-limiting in immunocompetent adults ( e.g ., hepatitis A and E) 113 , 114 . In contrast, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV often transition to a chronic infection and liver disease.…”

Section: Viral Hepatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental exposure as a risk-modifying factor in liver diseases: Knowns and unknowns

Beier

Arteel²

2021

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

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Liver diseases are considered to predominantly possess an inherited or xenobiotic etiology. However, inheritance drives the ability to appropriately adapt to environmental stressors, and disease is the culmination of a maladaptive response. Thus “pure” genetic and “pure” xenobiotic liver diseases are modified by each other and other factors, identified or unknown. The purpose of this review is to highlight the knowledgebase of environmental exposure as a potential risk modifying agent for the development of liver disease by other causes. This exercise is not to argue that all liver diseases have an environmental component, but to challenge the assumption that the current state of our knowledge is sufficient in all cases to conclusively dismiss this as a possibility. This review also discusses key new tools and approaches that will likely be critical to address this question in the future. Taken together, identifying the key gaps in our understanding is critical for the field to move forward, or at the very least to “know what we don't know.”

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“…The hepatitis A virus usually spreads through contact with food or water that has been contaminated in the stool of an infected person. Hepatitis A is an acute or short-lived infection, which means that symptoms usually improve after a few weeks without treatment, which is why it does not lead to more complicated conditions such as cirrhosis [5,6].…”

Section: Hepatitis Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The covalescence period is 30-60 days, representing the period in which a periodic, clinical and laboratory control is made and healing is consolidated. The administration of immunoglobulins is a fast, expensive and time-limited method (3-6 months of protection) [6]. Vaccination is the only truly safe, fast and effective method, conferring immunity over a long period of time against hepatitis A [1].…”

Section: Pharmaceutical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis

et al. 2021

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In infectious diseases, viral hepatitis has an increased incidence, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a "sentinel" indicator of the socio-economic and hygienic-cultural standard of a geographical area. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits the following types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, B + D, C, E, F and G. Among the viral entities recognized by the WHO, a special importance in terms of incidence, evolution over time with the risk of chronicity and the therapeutic options are presented by hepatitis B and C. There is currently an effective vaccine as well as treatment for hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but in recent years considerable progress has been made in treating this disease. Also, the introduction of drugs known as direct-acting antivirals makes it possible to cure over 90% of patients within 2-3 months. But in many countries, current drug policies, regulations and prices keep treatment out of the reach of most people with hepatitis. Eradication of viral hepatitis is possible if greater emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Vaccination is very important, as it is possible for types A and B of hepatitis. Early diagnosis is also extremely important, given that there are currently very effective drugs that can prevent the development of liver cancer. The WHO also noted that about two million people worldwide become ill each year due to the reuse of syringes and stressed the importance of checking blood donors to see if they are not carriers of hepatitis B or C viruses. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the pharmacological treatment and the main therapeutic and prevention schemes currently used for patients with these liver diseases. The paper was based on the most popular methods of identification of the latest international information about the treatment of hepatitis (by electronic search using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, GoogleScholar and Web of Science). We also consulted the global literature cited in the hepatitis database of the World Health Organization (WHO) updated frequent from the current literature on this topic.

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Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus

Cited by 31 publications

References 100 publications

Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Environmental exposure as a risk-modifying factor in liver diseases: Knowns and unknowns

Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis

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