Pathogenicity and genomic changes of a 2016 European H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in experimentally infected mallards and chickens

Leyson, Christina M.; Youk, Sungsu; Smith, Diane; Dimitrov, Kiril M.; Lee, Dong Hun; Larsen, Lars Erik; Swayne, David E.; Pantin‐Jackwood, Mary J.

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.020

Cited by 37 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…We measured viral shedding from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs by quantifying viral RNA using RT-qPCR with primers detecting specifically H5N8LP or H5N8HP HA sequences. Regardless of the experimental group, all H5N8HP swab-positive chickens eventually developed severe dyspnea and either died or were euthanized when they reached humane endpoints, as previously observed [19]. In line with the mortality rate (Fig 3B ), no H5N8HP swab-positive chicken was found in the H3 group, while only two chickens tested positive for H5N8HP in the L7H3 group.…”

Section: Potentiation Of Hpaiv Replication and Pathogenesis By Lpaiv In Chickenssupporting

confidence: 82%

Host factors drive the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses

Bessière

Figueroa

Coggon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse-genetics engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8 LP increased H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis. By contrast, the H5N8 LP antagonized H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8 LP , which correlated with H5N8 HP inhibition. Our results provide evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks because of differences in the host response to HPAIV and LPAIV co-infections.

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Section: Potentiation Of Hpaiv Replication and Pathogenesis By Lpaiv In Chickenssupporting

confidence: 82%

Host factors drive the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses

Bessière

Figueroa

Coggon

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Phylogenetic analyses of the H5N8 subtypes pointed to individual incursion events, as similar H5N8 HPAIV reassortants were found prior to the German epizootic in migratory wild water bird molting and resting areas in the regions surrounding Tartastan, Kurgan, and Lake Chany, Russian Federation [2,5]. The pronounced magnitude and economic impact of this outbreak attested to the eminent pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV [6]. Starting in December 2019, several reports of HPAI H5N8 cases in central and eastern Europe were broadcasted from the responsible national authorities (OIE; https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-inthe-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2020/).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Novel HPAIV H5N8 Reassortant (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Detected in Germany

King

Schulze²,

Engelhardt³

et al. 2020

Viruses

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A novel H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected in a greater white-fronted goose in January 2020 in Brandenburg, Germany, and, in February 2020, in domestic chickens belonging to a smallholding in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. Full-genome sequencing was conducted on the MinION platform, enabling further phylogenetic analyses. The virus of clade 2.3.4.4b holds six segments from a Eurasian/Asian/African HPAIV H5N8 reassortant and two segments from low pathogenic avian influenza H3N8 subtype viruses recently detected in wild birds in Central Russia. These new entries continue to show the reassortment potential of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx viruses, underlining the necessity for full-genome sequencing and continuous surveillance.

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“…The presence of HPAI H5 virus and/or HPAI H5-specific antibodies in live birds suggests that (some individuals of) these bird species can (asymptomatically) carry the virus and act as a vector. Experimental infections in captivity confirmed differences among bird species’ susceptibility to infection and/or disease [ 132 , 133 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 ]. Given the heterogeneity among individuals in susceptibility to infection and disease, in some cases a single species can act as vector as well as a sentinel [ 132 , 133 , 135 , 139 ].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Of Emergence Of Novel Hpai H5 Virusmentioning

confidence: 93%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Verhagen¹,

Fouchier²,

Lewis

2021

Viruses

166

143

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

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Pathogenicity and genomic changes of a 2016 European H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in experimentally infected mallards and chickens

Cited by 37 publications

References 62 publications

Host factors drive the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses

Host factors drive the within-host competition between highly and low pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses

Novel HPAIV H5N8 Reassortant (Clade 2.3.4.4b) Detected in Germany

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

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