Pathogenetical and Neurophysiological Features of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Phenomena and Diagnoses

Jin, Yunho; Choi, Jeong-Hyun; Lee, Seung‐Hoon; Kim, Jong Won; Hong, Yonggeun

doi:10.3390/jcm8101588

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…During differentiation, dopaminergic neurons migrate away from the ventricular zone into the mantle layer, finally acquiring a mature dopaminergic phenotype and forming the three distinct groups of dopaminergic neurons, SNpc, VTA, and the retrorubral field, and establish axonal projections and synapses ( Blaess and Ang, 2015 ). Physiological clearance of unnecessary neuronal axons and synapses is carried out through the apoptotic pathway/machinery ( Jin et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Absence of Caspase-8 in the Dopaminergic System Leads to Mild Autism-like Behavior

Suárez-Pereira

García-Domínguez

Bravo

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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In the last decade, new non-apoptotic roles have been ascribed to apoptotic caspases. This family of proteins plays an important role in the sculpting of the brain in the early stages of development by eliminating excessive and nonfunctional synapses and extra cells. Consequently, impairments in this process can underlie many neurological and mental illnesses. This view is particularly relevant to dopamine because it plays a pleiotropic role in motor control, motivation, and reward processing. In this study, we analyze the effects of the elimination of caspase-8 (CASP8) on the development of catecholaminergic neurons using neurochemical, ultrastructural, and behavioral tests. To do this, we selectively delete the CASP8 gene in cells that express tyrosine hydroxylase with the help of recombination through the Cre-loxP system. Our results show that the number of dopaminergic neurons increases in the substantia nigra. In the striatum, the basal extracellular level of dopamine and potassium-evoked dopamine release decreased significantly in mice lacking CASP8, clearly showing the low dopamine functioning in tissues innervated by this neurotransmitter. This view is supported by electron microscopy analysis of striatal synapses. Interestingly, behavioral analysis demonstrates that mice lacking CASP8 show changes reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Our research reactivates the possible role of dopamine transmission in the pathogenesis of ASD and provides a mild model of autism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Absence of Caspase-8 in the Dopaminergic System Leads to Mild Autism-like Behavior

Suárez-Pereira

García-Domínguez

Bravo

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…CfDNAs depending on its origin might include genomic (cfDNA), mitochondrial (cf-mtDNA) and ribosomal (cf-rDNA) DNA all of which are detectable nucleic acid fragments that are either released from CNS cells through varying essential physiological processes or apoptosis or necrosis of the cells. Studies indicated that up to 80% of CNS cells induce apoptosis which has been proven to be involved in the pathophysiological processes of various psychiatric disorders [ 45 ]. CfDNA is also a member of damage-associated molecular patterns (DMAPs) that is recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and promotes inflammation.…”

Section: Egms and Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, certain diseases or some other temporary conditions, as well as medical treatments, can lead to a decrease in EGMs [42][43][44]. Apoptosis of CNS cells can also boost EGM levels [45]. cfDNA has a short half-life in circulation (15 min to 1 h) [46], whereas EVs are better preserved in circulation and travel to such distant regions [38].…”

Section: Egms Play An Important Role In Intercellular Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) in psychiatric disorders

et al. 2023

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Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) are the nucleic acids secreted or released from all types of cells by endogenous or exogenous stimuli through varying mechanisms into the extracellular region and inevitably to all biological fluids. EGMs could be found as free, protein-bound, and/ or with vesicles. EGMs can potentially have immunophenotypic and/or genotypic characteristics of a cell of origin, travel to distant organs, and interact with the new microenvironment. To achieve all, EGMs might bi-directionally transit through varying membranes, including the blood–brain barrier. Such ability provides the transfer of any information related to the pathophysiological changes in psychiatric disorders in the brain to the other distant organ systems or vice versa. In this article, many aspects of EGMs have been elegantly reviewed, including their potential in diagnosis as biomarkers, application in treatment modalities, and functional effects in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The psychiatric disorders were studied under subgroups of Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and an autism spectrum disorders. EGMs provide a robust and promising tool in clinics for prognosis and diagnosis. The successful application of EGMs into treatment modalities might further provide encouraging outcomes for researchers and clinicians in psychiatric disorders.

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“…Melatonin synthesis and secretion are controlled by the SCN region and thus have a profound circadian rhythm ( Kennaway and Wright, 2002 ). Melatonin can be both a biomarker and a driving force for circadian rhythm; anatomical disruption of the melatonin pathway, such as pineal cysts, disrupts circadian rhythms ( Jin et al, 2019 ) and exogenous melatonin supplementation has been shown to be able to entrain the human circadian rhythm ( Vasey et al, 2021 ). Melatonin receptors play multiple roles in the regulation of astrocytic function, influencing specific brain regions ( Peters et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Circadian Involved In Inflammatory Response After Ischemic S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of circadian clock in astrocytes: From cellular functions to ischemic stroke therapeutic targets

et al. 2022

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Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes, the abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in maintaining the immune response after cerebral infarction, regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing nutrients to the neurons, and reuptake of glutamate. The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system that controls and optimizes biological processes. The central circadian clock and the peripheral clock are consistent, controlled by various circadian components, and participate in the pathophysiological process of astrocytes. Existing evidence shows that circadian rhythm controls the regulation of inflammatory responses by astrocytes in ischemic stroke (IS), regulates the repair of the BBB, and plays an essential role in a series of pathological processes such as neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. In this review, we highlight the importance of astrocytes in IS and discuss the potential role of the circadian clock in influencing astrocyte pathophysiology. A comprehensive understanding of the ability of the circadian clock to regulate astrocytes after stroke will improve our ability to predict the targets and biological functions of the circadian clock and gain insight into the basis of its intervention mechanism.

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Pathogenetical and Neurophysiological Features of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Phenomena and Diagnoses

Cited by 3 publications

References 147 publications

The Absence of Caspase-8 in the Dopaminergic System Leads to Mild Autism-like Behavior

The Absence of Caspase-8 in the Dopaminergic System Leads to Mild Autism-like Behavior

The role of Extracellular Genomic Materials (EGMs) in psychiatric disorders

The role of circadian clock in astrocytes: From cellular functions to ischemic stroke therapeutic targets

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