Pathogenetic factors involved in recurrent pregnancy loss from multiple aspects

Abstract

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common complication in obstetrics, affecting about 5% of women of childbearing age. An increase in the number of abortions results in escalation in the risk of miscarriage. Although concentrated research has identified numerous causes for RPL, about 50% of them remain unexplained. Pregnancy is a complex process, comprising fertilization, implantation, organ and tissue differentiation, and fetal growth, which is effectively controlled by a number of both maternal and fetal factors. An example is the immune response, in which T cells and natural killer cells participate, and inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor or colony-stimulating factor, which hinders embryo implantation. Furthermore, vitamin D affects glucose metabolism and inhibits embryonic development, whereas microRNA has a negative effect on the gene expression of embryo implantation and development. This review examines the causes of RPL from multiple perspectives, and focuses on the numerous factors that may result in RPL.

Quantifying CD138+ cells in the endometrium to assess chronic endometritis in women at risk of recurrent pregnancy loss: A prospective cohort study and rapid review

“…The pathophysiology of miscarriage is multifactorial often persisting as a continuum causing further miscarriages and morbidity in future pregnancies 20,21 . Histopathological testing may help to identify reversible infectious causes, however, clinicians should consider the whole spectrum of contributing factors to recurrent miscarriage such anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities.…”

“…The pathophysiology of miscarriage is multifactorial often persisting as a continuum causing further miscarriages and morbidity in future pregnancies. 20,21 Histopathological testing may help to identify reversible infectious causes, however, clinicians should consider the whole spectrum of contributing factors to recurrent miscarriage such anatomical and chromosomal abnormalities. Our study did not include a chromosomal analysis or other microarray investigations for failed pregnancies which may limit the generalizability of the findings to all groups of women at risk of recurrent miscarriage.…”

NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Critical Role in Gynecological Disorders and Obstetrical Complications

“…The Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Protein-, Leucine-Rich Repeats-, and Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3 Inflammasome in Gynecological Disorders and Obstetrical Complications NLRP3 inflammasome is highly related to multiple gynecological disorders and obstetrical complications, such as cervical cancer (CC), preterm labor, FGR, RPL, PE, intrauterine fetal death, and NHIE (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). The possible molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome has been proposed in cervical cancer.…”

“…Inflammasomes, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP7, IPAF, AIM2, and NLRC4, have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, such as dermatitis, arthritis, interstitial pneumonia, and infantile enterocolitis (1)(2)(3)(4). Meanwhile, in the studies of gynecological disorders and obstetrical complications, the NLRP3 inflammasome was found to be highly related to cervical cancer (CC), preterm birth, fetal growth restriction (FGR), recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL), pre-eclampsia (PE), intrauterine fetal death and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE) (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Herein, we focus on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its critical role in gynecological disorders and obstetrical complications.…”

The effect of hysteroscopic polypectomy on the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α in uterine flushings and serum in infertile women

“…Not only does TNF-α play a prominent role in the synthesis of DNA in the early stage of proliferation, but it also contributes to cell differentiation and tissue remodeling. This is essential in terms of embryonic attachment [16].…”