Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses

Abstract

Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.

Barley powdery mildew invasion coincides with the dynamic accumulation of leaf apoplastic extracellular vesicles that are associated with host stress response proteins

“…We found PR-1a and PR-1b, also associated with P40 and PME EV preparations as well as the supernatant (Figure 2E, Supplemental Figure 6D); interestingly PR-1a and PR-1b often serve as markers for conventionally secreted proteins in immunoblots (Wang & Fobert 2013). Only two proteins were uniquely present after inoculation: the 40S ribosomal protein S8 (F2D483) and a β-1,3-glucanase (A0A8I6WTD6), which is classified as member of the PR-2 proteins in the context of plant-microbe interactions (Dos Santos & Franco 2023). Together with the NTA results (Figure 3 and 4), our findings indicate that the B. hordei -induced changes are rather quantitative than qualitative, which is in line with a previous study investigating Arabidopsis EVs upon infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (Rutter & Innes 2017).…”

Promoting resilience in ginger: Elicitor‐driven strategies to combat the rhizome rot disease

“…PRs include constitutive enzymes, β‐1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase, and ribonucleases. By examining these PRs and their enzymatic activities, it has been revealed that these enzymes play a critical role in plant defence responses and improving pathogen resistance strategies (Dos Santos & Franco, 2023).…”

Unravelling Abiotic Stress Physiology in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): Biotechnological Interventions in Mitigating Abiotic Stress

“…Prospective application of CRISPR/Cas-based methods across the entire cotton genome provides a novel avenue to bolster cotton productivity, enhance genetic traits, confer pathogen resistance, and optimize agronomic characteristics, as reported for other crops [230][231][232]. CRISPR/Cas, with its simplicity and efficiency, stands out as a powerful tool for large-scale gene functional studies in cotton [233]. Creating a swift validation method for sgRNAs tackles the hurdles linked with prolonged transformation processes, thus rendering CRISPR/Cas more accessible for extensive applications in cotton GE [234].…”