Pathogenesis of Zika Virus Infection

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus from the Flaviviridae family that is transmitted to humans by mosquito vectors and represents an important health problem. Infections in pregnant women are of major concern because of potential devastating consequences during pregnancy and have been associated with microcephaly in newborns. ZIKV has a unique ability to use the host machinery to promote viral replication in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in characteristic pathological disorders. Recent studies have proposed that the host ubiquitin system acts as a major determinant of ZIKV tropism by providing the virus with an enhanced ability to enter new cells. In addition, ZIKV has developed mechanisms to evade the host immune response, thereby allowing the establishment of viral persistence and enhancing viral pathogenesis. We discuss recent reports on the mechanisms used by ZIKV to replicate efficiently, and we highlight potential new areas of research for the development of therapeutic approaches. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 18 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Wulfenioidins D–N, Structurally Diverse Diterpenoids with Anti-Zika Virus Activity Isolated from Orthosiphon wulfenioides

“…The NMR data of 2 closely resembled those of salpratlactone C, a known 11-nor-abietane diterpenoid bearing a benzopyran-2,5-dione isolated from Salvia prattii, 18 suggesting that these two diterpenoids share the same carbon skeleton. The main differences were the presence of an oxygenated methine (δ H 4.91, d, J = 10.2 Hz, H-6; δ C 67.4, C-6) and a methine (δ H 1.81, d, J = 10.2 Hz, H-5; δ C 53.3, C-5) in 2, instead of an endocyclic Δ 5 (6) double bond (δ H 6.41, s, H-6; δ C 171.3, C-5; 113.6, C-6) in salpratlactone C. Thus, wulfenioidin E (2) is a hydrated derivative of salpratlactone C, confirmed by the HMBC correlations from H-6 to C-5 and C-7, as well as by 1 H− 1 H COSY correlations of H-5/H-6 (Figure 1). The relative configuration in compound 2 was established based on scalar coupling constants (Table 2) and ROESY data analysis.…”

“…Zika virus (ZIKV) is a positive strand RNA flavivirus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, which causes damage to various human organs, including the nervous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. , In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared ZIKV infection a public health emergency of international concern due to its global spread and potentially severe health consequences. As of July 2019, ZIKV has been spread by native mosquito populations in 87 countries and territories worldwide .…”

UMP‐CMP kinase 2 inhibits ZIKV replication through activation of type I IFN signaling pathway

“…In July 2019, ZIKV spread to 87 countries and territories globally with autochthonous transmission, distributed across four of the six WHO regions 23 . On the other hand, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has also likely resulted in underreporting of ZIKV infections due to the lockdowns and over‐loading the health‐care system 24 . No therapies were available to treat ZIKV infection at present.…”

“…23 On the other hand, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has also likely resulted in underreporting of ZIKV infections due to the lockdowns and over-loading the health-care system. 24 No therapies were (Figure 8). Our findings broadened the understanding of the antiviral function of CMPK2 and provided potential therapeutic targets against ZIKV infection.…”

Databases and web resources for neglected tropical disease research

“…NTDs are a class of infectious diseases that are strongly linked to poverty. Many other poverty-related diseases, such as Ebola virus, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), are not on the WHO list but must be monitored by governments and international organizations (Carabelli et al, 2023;Giraldo et al, 2023;Khubchandani et al, 2020). Unfortunately, such diseases receive attention only when there is an outbreak, such as with SARS-CoV-2, which has received little attention since its discovery.…”