Pathogenesis of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 in experimentally infected large falcons

Ziegler, Ute; Angenvoort, Joke; Fischer, Dominik; Fast, Christine; Eiden, Martin; Rodríguez, Ariel; Revilla‐Fernández, Sandra; Nowotny, Norbert; Fuente, Jorge García de la; Lierz, Michael; Groschup, Martin H.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.041

Cited by 65 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Mortality in wild birds had rarely been reported in Europe until the recent explosive spread of lineage II in 2008-2009 in Hungary and Austria, which suggests that this parameter could be also incorporated into future monitoring systems in Europe (Bakonyi et al 2013). This is consistent with recent experimental infections of European wild birds with various WNV strains, which generated an average mortality rate of 43% (Sotelo et al 2011, Dridi et al 2013, Ziegler et al 2013, Del Amo et al 2014a. Apart from mortality in wild birds and nervous symptoms in horses, WNV is also associated with mortality in horses, which could constitute another signal of a WNV outbreak.…”

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confidence: 58%

“…Experts were European diplomates in equine internal medicine and persons involved in SAGIR network, RESPE network, and reference laboratories. They based their estimation on data available in the literature (Bakonyi et al 2013); (Sotelo et al 2011, Dridi et al 2013, Ziegler et al 2013, Del Amo et al 2014a, their personal knowledge acquired during the observation of real WNV outbreaks in Hungary, France, Italy, and Spain during the last decade, and their knowledge of equine and wild birds diseases in general.…”

Section: Data Modeling and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a Multivariate Syndromic Surveillance System for West Nile Virus

Faverjon

Andersson

Decors

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Background: Various methods are currently used for the early detection of West Nile virus (WNV) but their outputs are not quantitative and/or do not take into account all available information. Our study aimed to test a multivariate syndromic surveillance system to evaluate if the sensitivity and the specificity of detection of WNV could be improved. Methods: Weekly time series data on nervous syndromes in horses and mortality in both horses and wild birds were used. Baselines were fitted to the three time series and used to simulate 100 years of surveillance data. WNV outbreaks were simulated and inserted into the baselines based on historical data and expert opinion. Univariate and multivariate syndromic surveillance systems were tested to gauge how well they detected the outbreaks; detection was based on an empirical Bayesian approach. The systems' performances were compared using measures of sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: When data sources were considered separately (i.e., univariate systems), the best detection performance was obtained using the data set of nervous symptoms in horses compared to those of bird and horse mortality (AUCs equal to 0.80, 0.75, and 0.50, respectively). A multivariate outbreak detection system that used nervous symptoms in horses and bird mortality generated the best performance (AUC = 0.87). Conclusions: The proposed approach is suitable for performing multivariate syndromic surveillance of WNV outbreaks. This is particularly relevant, given that a multivariate surveillance system performed better than a univariate approach. Such a surveillance system could be especially useful in serving as an alert for the possibility of human viral infections. This approach can be also used for other diseases for which multiple sources of evidence are available.

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confidence: 58%

Section: Data Modeling and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Multivariate Syndromic Surveillance System for West Nile Virus

Faverjon

Andersson

Decors

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…Raptors may become infected from mosquitoes or prey (Komar et al 2003), develop high viremic loads, and play a role in WNV transmission (Ziegler et al 2012). Because of their high susceptibility, raptors are also indicators of WNV activity: Most participants in the DBSP collected raptors with other avian species for WNV testing (105 of 110 participants in 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus–related Trends in Avian Mortality in California, Usa, 2003–12

Foss

Padgett

Reisen

et al. 2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus transmitted enzootically by Culex mosquitoes among avian hosts. Since 2000, the California Dead Bird Surveillance Program (DBSP) has tracked avian mortality reported by the public on a telephone hotline and website and measured the prevalence of WNV infection in dead birds. We summarize herein WNV prevalence in dead birds tested and variation of WNV transmission over time and space with the use of DBSP data from 2003 to 2012. Prevalence among dead birds was highest in 2004, 2008, and 2012. This pattern was similar to peak WNV infection years for mosquitoes but not to human WNV incidence. Although American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were most frequently reported and tested, this species ranked third in infection prevalence (44%) after Yellow-billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli; 62%) and Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica; 48%). Overall prevalence in American Robin (Turdus migratorius), House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) carcasses ranged from 18% to 22%. Corvid WNV prevalence was highest in South Coast, Bay/Delta, Sacramento, and San Joaquin valleys, and Klamath/North Coast bioregions, overlapping areas of elevated WNV activity in other surveillance measurements. Bioregional analysis revealed the avian species most likely to be reported and found positive in each bioregion. Our results may be useful to WNV surveillance and control efforts and provide insight into bird population trends in California.

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“…Regarding the Falconiformes, viremia varied during experimental infections depending 365 on species infected, but kestrels and small falcons had low mortality likely contributing to the 366 higher f S in our data (Ziegler et al 2013). Falconiformes also had one of the highest OR's for f M .…”

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confidence: 73%

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Supplemental Information 1: PRISMA Statement, Guidelines and Algorithm

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Pathogenesis of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 in experimentally infected large falcons

Cited by 65 publications

References 26 publications

Evaluation of a Multivariate Syndromic Surveillance System for West Nile Virus

Evaluation of a Multivariate Syndromic Surveillance System for West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus–related Trends in Avian Mortality in California, Usa, 2003–12

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