Pathogenesis of Pneumococcus Infections in Mice

Rake, Geoffrey

doi:10.1084/jem.63.2.191

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Additional factors favouring the progression of disease are viruses and cytokines, which enhance bacterial adherence in vitro 19. In animal experiments inhalation of infected aerosol particles containing pneumococcus induces an inflammatory reaction and removal of the pathogen is initiated by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils 20. Occasionally, some bacteria enter the lymphatic system and then pass into the systemic circulation through the thoracic duct, causing bacteraemia.…”

Section: The Pneumococcus and Pneumococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fortnightly Review: The pneumococcal problem

Obaro

Monteil

Henderson

1996

BMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary points Mortality from bacteraemic pneumonia has remained unchanged at 25% over the last 40 years Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae causes over 1 million deaths in children under the age of 5 years Antibiotic resistant strains of S pneumoniae are increasing world wide. In Spain over 50% of isolates are resistant to one or more antibiotics Patients at increased risk of severe pneumococcal infection should be:

show abstract

Section: The Pneumococcus and Pneumococcal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S pneumoniae is an extracellular pathogen that needs to be ingested by phagocytic leucocytes to be effectively killed and removed 20 21. This process (phagocytosis) occurs most efficiently in the presence of specific antibody for capsular antigens and other serum opsonins—for example, complement and C reactive protein.…”

Section: Host Immunity To Pneumococcusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fortnightly Review: The pneumococcal problem

Obaro

Monteil

Henderson

1996

BMJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore the granules fill the cystoplasm, but not the nucleus, of the neurone (Figs. 2,3,4). In some cases, moreover, the whole cytoplasm, but never the nucleus, besides containing granules, is stained a diffuse blue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rapid Invasion of the Body Through the Olfactory Mucosa

Rake

1937

Journal of Experimental Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clark (1) in 1929 described the introduction of Prussian blue into the nasal cavities of rabbits to determine the routes by which infectious agents pass from these cavities to the brain. At the earliest time of study, 1 hour after nasal inoculation of the pigment, granules were found between the cells of the olfactory mucosa, but not the respiratory, in the submucosa, the lymphatics and venules, in the perineural sheaths and between the fibers of the olfactory nerve, but not the trigeminal, and within the subarachnoid space about the olfactory bulbs. He demonstrated that the perineural spaces of the olfactory nerve are continuous with the subarachnoid space and considered that the granules had reached the olfactory bulbs mainly by passage along the perineural spaces. To account for this migration he postulated a centripetal current in these spaces. He found no evidence of direct communication between the perineural or subarachnoid spaces and the nasal lymphatics and did not determine the method by which the pigment penetrates the mucosa nor the shortest interval in which granules can reach the intracranial cavity.These essential findings have been confirmed by Olitsky and Cox (2) in experiments with mice. Moreover we (3, 4) have shown that pneumococci instilled intranasally in mice pass rapidly through the mucosal surfaces, including tl~ose of the nose, to reach the peripheral blood within 2 minutes. We also, in repeating the tests with Prussian blue in mice, have found (5) that absorption is very rapid, taking place chiefly by way of the olfactory cells, and that within 2 minutes pigment has passed into lymphatics and blood vessels, into perineural 303

show abstract

“…These studies as well as the present one show that pneumococcic pneumonia is primarily an intraalveolar infection. They further show that the injury to the alveolar tissue and capillaries, which is followed by exudation of the blood constituents into the air spaces, can best be attributed to the soluble toxic products liberated by the pneumococci growing in the exudate rather than by direct invasion of the septal tissue by the organisms themselves, as Blake and Cecil, Sch~bl and Sellards, Stillman and Branch (20), and Rake (21) concluded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Pathogenesis and Pathology of Experimental Type I Pneumococcic Pneumonia in the Monkey

Loosli

1942

Journal of Experimental Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PLATES 6 ZO i0The monkey has been employed in only a few instances for the investigation of experimental pneumococcic pneumonia. Among the reported studies, in which this animal was used, those of Blake and Cecil (I) and SchSbl and Sellards (2) give detailed observations concerning the pathology and pathogenesis of the disease. Stuppy, Falk, and Jacobson (3) were concerned principally with the production of Type I pneumococcus pneumonia in the Macacus rhesus and Cebus capucinus species. Francis and Terrell (4) studied the production and clinical course of Type III pneumococcus pneumonia in the Java monkey , Macazus cynomolgos. They used both the intratracheal and intrabronchial methods of inoculation. With the intratracheal method it was noted that the inoculum was more widely distributed in the lungs than when the intrabronchial procedure was employed. Similar lesions, as observed by x-ray, eventually developed, however, following either technique of production.Blake and Cecil used the intratracheal method of inoculation during their studies and concluded that the resulting pneumonic infection simulated in every way that which occurred spontaneously in man. Concerning the mechanism of lobar consolidation, they, further, concluded that the pneumococci penetrated directly through the epithelium of the main bronchus of the lobe near the hilum and spread rapidly throughout the lobe by way of the perivascular and peribronchial tissues and lymphatics into the alveolar walls where they then passed into the air spaces simultaneously with the outpouring of the exudate. More recently Robertson and coworkers (5-7), Gunn and Nungester (8), Wood (9), and the author (10), using the intrabronchial method of inoculation and different animal species, also noted the similarity between the experimental pneumococcic infections and those which occur spontaneously in man, but their findings did not support those of Blake and Cecil, concerning the manner by which the organisms spread within the lungs. Rather they confirmed the views of Loeschcke (11) who concluded, from his studies of the pathogenesis and pathology of the pneumococcic pneumonia in man, that the pneumonic process was primarily intraalveolar and intrabronchial, and that the pneumococci were carried in the edema fluid directly from alveolus to alveolus through the pores of Kohn (12) and from bronchiole to bronchiole as a result of repeated aspirations, aided by breathing, coughing, and gravity.

show abstract

Pathogenesis of Pneumococcus Infections in Mice

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Fortnightly Review: The pneumococcal problem

Fortnightly Review: The pneumococcal problem

The Rapid Invasion of the Body Through the Olfactory Mucosa

The Pathogenesis and Pathology of Experimental Type I Pneumococcic Pneumonia in the Monkey

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About