Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Tsang, Chi Man; Lo, Kwok Wai; Nicholls, John M.; Huang, Shaina Chor Mei; Tsao, Sai Wah

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814936-2.00003-1

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 153 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These 4 signals are: 1) the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) on the T cells and MHC; 2) co-stimulation through CD28 and CD80/86, which are expressed on T cells and DC respectively; 3) secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN) and interleukin (IL)-12, which can stimulate the expansion function and memory formation of CTL; or 4) DC control the activation of particular integrins and chemokine receptors on T cells to guide migration in the direction of targeted organs. [13][14][15][16][17][18] After being activated by DC, CTL cells will secrete the cytolytic granzyme B that can effectively induce rapid apoptosis of target cells. On the other hand, DC also secrete several cytokines and a large number of exosomes, which together operate as a whole antigen-presenting entity.…”

Section: Vaccine For Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of Peripheral Blood- and Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Secretomes as Vaccines for Cancer

Haifa,

Sartika,

Faried

et al. 2024

Mol Cell Biomed Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, as immunotherapy agents, can gather up and transport cancer-related antigens to T lymphocytes, activating anti-tumor effector responses. After being activated by DC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells (CTL) will secrete the cytolytic granzyme B that can effectively induce rapid apoptosis of target cells. On the other hand, DC also secrete several cytokines and a large number of exosomes, which together operate as a whole antigen-presenting entity. The efficacy of the vaccine’s treatment may be affected by the sources used for DC vaccines. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) from healthy donors can be employed when autologous cancer patient’s peripheral blood (PB) cannot be used as a source for isolating DC due to genetic abnormalities. Comparing UCB to other sources, there is a painless method of collecting sources as opposed to PB, which necessitates a venipuncture or leukapheresis procedure to isolate the blood. Many studies related to the use of PB-DC have been carried out, but research on potential comparisons between PB-DC and UCB-DC is still very limited. In this review, the potential of PB- and UCB-derived DC and their secretomes for cancer will be discussed.Keywords: dendritic cells, vaccines, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood

show abstract

Section: Vaccine For Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of Peripheral Blood- and Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Secretomes as Vaccines for Cancer

Haifa,

Sartika,

Faried

et al. 2024

Mol Cell Biomed Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…57 Most of differentiation and maturation cytokines are using JAK/STAT and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathways to activate dendritic cells. 58,59 Culture period By adding pro-inflammatory cytokines to the culture for a certain period, the monocyte differentiates into a potatoshaped structure and attach to the plastic surface. Several studies have shown that in vitro development of mature DC takes up to 48 hours.…”

Section: Maturation Cytokines For Mature Dendritic Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Production of Dendritic Cells as Cancer Immunotherapy: Highlights on Sample Source, Culture Period, Differentiation and Maturation Cytokines

Facicilia,

Sartika,

Rostinawati

2023

Mol Cell Biomed Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells between innate and adaptive immune cells and commonly used as immunotherapy. Despite this promising potential, protocols detailing the specifics of the DC production are varied, affecting the potency of dendritic as immunotherapy. There are various factors affecting the production and DC potency, such as sample source, culture period, differentiation and maturation cytokines. Due to the limited number and quality of DC in humans, the monocyte could be isolated and differentiated to mature DC. The purity and viability monocytes shall be maintained to produce a high yield of DC. Negative sorting maintains the potency of DC as a therapeutic agent. Monocytes from umbilical cord blood (UCB) are naïve and can be differentiated to DC easily. Meanwhile, the tumor microenvironment (TME) may inhibit DC maturation from monocyte-derived peripheral blood. Without pro-inflammatory cytokines and a short maturation period, DC remain immature and fails to activate T cells. Long-period culture correlates with decreased DC viability and function. This review outlines several factors which can produce higher cytotoxic T cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines that might help each facility in developing its protocol to ensure the best procedure in DC production. Increasing purity and yield through close and automatic system under GMP production are mandatory to decrease risk of contamination during DC production.Keywords: differentiation cytokines, maturation cytokines, culture period, sample source, isolation technique

show abstract

“…The search for the viral cause of cervical cancer led investigators metaphorically up the wrong garden path, as team after team chased down HSV as the cause. 70%−80% of all cervical cancers contain integrated HPV DNA 5 (as do similar frequencies of HPV + OPC), 6 but EBV + NPC tend to remain unintegrated from the cellular genome (episomal viral forms) 7 . This important point gives us strong clues that the biological pathways driving these viral cancers are not necessarily identical even within a “virus positive” group, and that there are likely to be significant differences within and without currently accepted oncogenic pathways.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is eminently logical that two or more important risk factors with strong oncogenic drive can occur in certain groups of patients and that those cancers would have different oncogenic pathways compared to groups with just one or other risk factors. Focal infection and latency are known features of EBV and likely HPV as well, 7,9 the two viruses associated causally with head and neck cancers. These interesting features therefore suggest that the very low copy numbers found in latent infections may confound detection of these viruses and lead to an erroneous conclusion that a tumor is wrongly classified as virus negative.…”

Section: Ebv Head and Neck Cancers Hit And Run Oncogenesis Hpvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hit and run oncogeneses in head and neck cancers requires greater investigation

Goon

Sudhoff

Göerner

2022

Journal of Medical Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Head and neck cancers are unique in so far that two major oncogenic viruses, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) infect adjacent anatomy and cause nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. Dominant recognized carcinogens are alcohol and tobacco but some head and neck cancers have been found to have mixed carcinogens (including betel leaf, areca nuts, slaked lime, viruses, etc.) involved in their oncogenesis and conversely, groups of patients with unknown or less dominant carcinogens involved in their development. These cancers may have had viral involvement in the past but then lost most of their viral nucleic acids (be they DNA and/or RNA) below a detection threshold, thus rendering them virus‐negative. Some of these virus‐negative tumors appear to have mutagenic signatures associated with virus‐positive cancers, for example, from the APOBEC defense mechanism which is known to mutate viral nucleic acids as well as cause collateral damage to host DNA, with subsequent development of strongly viral prejudiced mutational signatures. These mechanisms are likely to be less efficient at oncogenesis than traditional EBV and HPV oncogenes directly driving mutagenesis, thus accounting for the smaller frequencies of these cancers found. More profound investigations of these unusual tumors are warranted to dissect out these mechanistic pathways.

show abstract

Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Cited by 6 publications

References 153 publications

Potency of Peripheral Blood- and Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Secretomes as Vaccines for Cancer

Potency of Peripheral Blood- and Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Dendritic Cells and Their Secretomes as Vaccines for Cancer

In vitro Production of Dendritic Cells as Cancer Immunotherapy: Highlights on Sample Source, Culture Period, Differentiation and Maturation Cytokines

Hit and run oncogeneses in head and neck cancers requires greater investigation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About