Pathogenesis of Lethal Shock After Intravenous Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Monkeys

Hodoval, L. F.; Morris, E. L.; Crawley, G. J.; Beisel, William R.

doi:10.1128/aem.16.2.187-192.1968

Cited by 23 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although these effects were attributed to decreased recruitment of white blood cells (Evans et al 1948), it was realized much later that adrenaline also diminishes the bactericidal activity of these cells (Qualliotine et al 1972). Other experiments revealed that adrenaline actually reduces host mortality after the injection of bacterial toxins (Chedid & Boyer 1953; Hodoval et al 1968), which suggested that this hormone has different effects on living bacteria and bacterial fragments. Another molecule, acetylcholine, which is released by the parasympathetic nervous system of animals, was also shown by other research to be produced by a strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum (Stephenson & Rowatt 1947).…”

Section: Context and Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 97%

Microbiota-gut-brain research: A critical analysis

Hooks

Konsman²,

O’Malley

2018

Behav Brain Sci

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Microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research is a fast-growing field of inquiry with important implications for how human brain function and behaviour are understood. Researchers manipulate gut microbes ('microbiota') to reveal connections between intestinal microbiota and normal brain functions (e.g., cognition, emotion, memory) or pathological states (e.g., anxiety and mood disorders, neural developmental disorders such as autism). Many claims are made about causal relationships between gut microbiota and human behaviour. By uncovering these relationships, MGB research aims to offer new explanations of mental health and potential avenues of treatment.So far, limited evaluation has been made of MGB's methods and its core experimental findings, many of which are extensively reiterated in copious reviews of the field. These factors, plus the self-help potential of MGB, have combined to encourage uncritical public uptake of MGB discoveries. Both social and professional media focus on the potential for dietary intervention in mental health, and causal relationships are assumed to be established.Our target article has two main aims. One is to examine critically the core practices and findings of experimental MGB research, and to raise questions about them for brain and behavioural scientists who may not be familiar with the field. The other is to challenge the way in which MGB findings are presented. Our positive goal is to suggest how current problems and weaknesses may be addressed, in order for both scientific and public audiences to gain a clearer picture of MGB research and its strengths and limitations.

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Section: Context and Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 97%

Microbiota-gut-brain research: A critical analysis

Hooks

Konsman²,

O’Malley

2018

Behav Brain Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although these effects were attributed to decreased recruitment of white blood cells (Evans et al 1948), it was realized much later that adrenaline also diminishes the bactericidal activity of these cells (Qualliotine et al 1972). Other experiments revealed that adrenaline actually reduces host mortality after the injection of bacterial toxins (Chedid & Boyer 1953;Hodoval et al 1968), which suggested that this hormone has different effects on living bacteria and bacterial fragments. Another molecule, acetylcholine, which is released by the parasympathetic nervous system of animals, was also shown by other research to be produced by a strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum (Stephenson & Rowatt 1947).…”

Section: Context and Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why don't probiotics work?

Korte¹,

Korte²

2019

Behav Brain Sci

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The conclusions reached by Hooks et al. urge the field to investigate the complex multipathway interactions between the microbiome and the gut-brain axis to understand the potential causal relationships involved. Claims in the field of microbiota-gut-brain research remain problematic without appropriate controls and adequate statistical power. A crucial question that follows from the authors' extensive review is: “Why don't probiotics work?”

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The rhesus monkey as a model for the study of infectious disease

Kastello

Spertzel

1973

American J Phys Anthropol

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Models for bacterial and viral infections and intoxication were developed in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Manifestations of acute-phase illnesses, e.g., temperature, white blood cell (WBC) counts, blood cultures, etc., were monitored at regular intervals. Viral infection was established by inoculating subcutaneously 412 plaque-forming units of Trinidad strain, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. A diphasic febrile response developed, with the first fever peak on days 1 to 2 and a second peak on days 3 to 5. Viremia occurred within 12 hours and persisted in some animals for as long as five days. WBC responses were typical of viral infection. Gram-positive infections were induced by intravenous (IV ) inoculation of lo8 Type I Diplococcus pneumoniae. Peak febrile response and bacteremia ( lo2 to lo6 pneumococci per milliliter) occurred within 48 hours. Gram-negative infections, obtained by IV inoculation with lo9 Salmonella typhimurium, induced maximal febrile responses within 24 to 48 hours. Leukopenia occurred i n 75% of animals; all were bacteremic. Mortality was 40% at 72 hours. Manifestations of intoxication following IV administration of purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B (10 pg per kg body weight) consisted of vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, and fever within one to three hours and resembled nonlethal staphylococcal food poisoning of man. These studies indicate that the rhesus macaque has reproducible and characteristic responses to a variety of microbial stimuli and therefore is eminently suitable for studying pathophysiologic, metabolic, and immunologic parameters of infectious or toxic disease processes. The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)has been employed to develop model systems for investigating primate responses to microbial infection and/or immunization against diseases of importance to human medicine. In the ideal model system, the animal of choice should consistently develop typical signs of illness after exposure by a route effective in man, and the infectious dose should be comparable to that effectual for man. The present report describes the responses of the rhesus macaque to a viral infection, a gram-positive bacterial infection, a gram-negative bacterial infection, and to intoxication with a bacterial toxin. Special emphasis is given to characterization of clinical responses so that criteria may be established €or evaluating acute-phase illness. Experimental treatmentTwenty-four healthy, 2-to 4-kg rhesus AM. J. PHYS. ANTHROP., 38: 501-504. macaques were utilized in each model system, All intravenous (IV) inoculations were accomplished via the saphenous vein. Rectal body temperatures were recorded at 1 2-hour intervals and clinical observations were made for 14 days following infection or intoxication. Complete blood counts (CBC) were performed at 12-hour intervals throughout the period of observation except in the staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) studies, wherein CBC's were performed at one-half-hour intervals for the first six hours of the study. Postinoculation blood ...

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Pathogenesis of Lethal Shock After Intravenous Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Monkeys

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Microbiota-gut-brain research: A critical analysis

Microbiota-gut-brain research: A critical analysis

Why don't probiotics work?

The rhesus monkey as a model for the study of infectious disease

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