Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle

Wells, G. A. H.; Spiropoulos, John; Hawkins, S. A. C.; Ryder, Stephen

doi:10.1136/vr.156.13.401

Cited by 109 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In cattle with BSE, no other sites of agent replication or PrP Sc accumulation have been found in the lymphoid tissues apart from the GALT tissues of the Peyer's patches in the ileum and the tonsil of experimentally infected animals [11,16,20,32,[72][73][74]. Infectivity is also not detectable in the blood of BSE affected cows with the mouse bio-assay [16,72].…”

Section: Draining To the Galt Lymph Nodes And Lymphatic/haematogenic mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In cattle experimentally infected with a high oral dose of BSE, infectivity was present in the ileum six months after oral infection [71,73] and in the tonsil ten months after oral infection (the latter only detectable using the more sensitive bovine transgenic mouse and cattle bioassay) [16,74]. In these animals PrP Sc was immunohistochemically detected in TBM of the ileal Peyer's patches but not in the tonsil [26,63,74]. Despite this apparently low involvement of the lymphoid system, neuroinvasion still occurs after a relatively long incubation period.…”

Section: In Naturally Infected Bse Cases No Prpmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TSE pathogenesis in cattle and sheep

2008

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-Many studies have been undertaken in rodents to study the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Only a few studies have focused on the pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie in their natural hosts. In this review, we summarize the most recent insights into the pathogenesis of BSE and scrapie starting from the initial uptake of TSE agents and crossing of the gut epithelium. Following replication in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), TSE agents spread to the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gut. Infection is then carried through the efferent fibers of the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system to the pre-ganglionic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the brain and the thoracic segments of the spinal cord. The differences between the pathogenesis of BSE in cattle and scrapie in sheep are discussed as well as the possible existence of additional pathogenetic routes.

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Section: Draining To the Galt Lymph Nodes And Lymphatic/haematogenic mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: In Naturally Infected Bse Cases No Prpmentioning

confidence: 99%

TSE pathogenesis in cattle and sheep

2008

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“…In bovine tuberculosis (Cassidy et al, 1999), and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; Wells et al, 2005) tonsils may serve as a port of entry for pathogens. Ruminants have less extensive RTALT than other species and the pharyngeal tonsil has been described as the major component of RTALT in cattle and sheep (Anderson et al, 1986;Chen et al, 1989;Schuh and Oliphant, 1992;Liebler-Tenorio and Pabst, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Reticular Epithelium of the Bovine Pharyngeal Tonsil

Palmer

Stasko

Waters

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), located at the posterior of the nasopharynx is ideally positioned to sample antigens passing through the nasal cavity or oral cavity. Entering antigens will first contact tonsilar epithelium. To better understand the cellular organization of this important epithelial layer, pharyngeal tonsils were collected from six, 7-month-old calves and examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis showed that the epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles (reticular epithelium) contained significantly more B-cells, CD4þ, and CD11cþ cells than nonreticular epithelium. In contrast, nonreticular epithelium contained significantly more, c/d TCRþ cells than reticular epithelium. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of reticular epithelium identified a heterogeneous population of epithelial cells, many of which displayed morphologic characteristics of M-cells. Moreover, putative M-cells were shown to possess the capacity for microparticle uptake. Bovine pharyngeal tonsilar reticular epithelium contains key immune cells, as well as M-cells; elements essential for antigen uptake, antigen processing, and initiation of immune responses. A better understanding of the morphology and function of tonsilar lymphoepithelium will strengthen our understanding of it's role in disease pathogenesis, and potential use as an induction site for mucosal immune responses to vaccination. Anat Rec, 294:1939Rec, 294: -1950Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…For this reason, EC Regulation 999/2001 specifies that the tongue be cut at the lingual torus of the basihyoid bone to avoid food contamination by lingual tonsils. Wells et al [11] reported that intracerebral inoculation of palatine tonsils of cattle experimentally infected orally with BSE ten months earlier caused BSE infection in other cattle. They also pointed out the possibility that tonsils in general are infective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the Lingual Tonsils of Cattle Designated as Specified Risk Materials

Kato

Sawada

2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The tonsils of cattle, including palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, tubal tonsils and lingual tonsils, are designated as specified risk materials (SRM). However, the detailed distribution of lingual tonsils in cattle is unknown. We therefore histologically examined their distribution in 198 tongue specimens from cattle. The examinations confirmed that the presence of lingual tonsils was limited to the tissue of the lamina propria on the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue, not reaching the muscular layer below. More than 90% of the lingual tonsils were located between the distribution center of the vallate papillae and the radix linguae (root of the tongue). However, they were also found in the area extending from the lingual torus to the rostral-most vallate papilla in an individual, suggesting that the complete removal of the lingual tonsils requires elimination of the lamina propria extending from the lingual torus to the radix linguae. KEY WORDS: BSE, cattle, lingual tonsils, specified risk materials (SRM), tongue.

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Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle

Cited by 109 publications

References 11 publications

TSE pathogenesis in cattle and sheep

TSE pathogenesis in cattle and sheep

Examination of the Reticular Epithelium of the Bovine Pharyngeal Tonsil

Distribution of the Lingual Tonsils of Cattle Designated as Specified Risk Materials

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