Pathogenesis of Encephalitis

Hayasaka, Daisuke

doi:10.5772/1741

2011

DOI: 10.5772/1741

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Pathogenesis of Encephalitis

Daisuke Hayasaka¹

Abstract: He had a postdoctoral training at the Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in the USA. His research interest is on the pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses, especially encephalitic viruses that include Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Contents Preface XIII Part Diagnosis and Clinical Symptoms of Encephalitis 1 Chapter Biomarkers of Encephalitis 3 Dafna Bonneh-Barkay Chapter Neuropathologic Diagnosis of Central Nervous … Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

References 352 publications

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Autoimmune limbic encephalitis presenting as relapsing psychosis

Hopkins¹,

Moodley

Chan

2013

BMJ Case Reports

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A 34-year-old woman with a history of relapsing psychosis presented with a 15-month history of impassivity and social withdrawal associated with cognitive impairment. The subsequent recurrence of psychomotor agitation, auditory hallucinations and delusional thinking resulted in an emergency admission under psychiatric services. Initial investigations, including MRI of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid studies were unremarkable and she was treated for a primary psychiatric disorder. The diagnosis of autoimmune limbic encephalitis was established after further investigations revealed the presence of antibodies to the NR1 subunit of theN-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Immunotherapy resulted in rapid resolution of psychosis and marked improvement in cognitive and social function. This case underlines the importance of considering anti-NMDAR encephalitis within the differential diagnosis of psychosis associated with cognitive impairment even in those with an apparent previous psychiatric history and response to antipsychotics.

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Autoimmune limbic encephalitis presenting as relapsing psychosis

Hopkins¹,

Moodley

Chan

2013

BMJ Case Reports

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The Modulation of Phosphatase Expression Impacts the Proliferation Efficiency of HSV-1 in Infected Astrocytes

et al. 2013

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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is a major pathogen that causes human neurological diseases, including herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Previous studies have shown that astrocytes are involved in HSV-1 systemic pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS), although the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, a high-throughput RNAi library screening method was used to analyze the effect of host phosphatase gene regulation on HSV-1 replication using Macaca mulatta primary astrocytes in an in vitro culture system. The results showed that the downregulation of five phosphatase genes (PNKP, SNAP23, PTPRU, LOC714621 and PPM1M) significantly inhibited HSV-1 infection, suggesting that these phosphatases were needed in HSV-1 replication in rhesus astrocytes. Although statistically significant, the effect of downregulation of these phosphatases on HSV-1 replication in a human astrocytoma cell line appears to be more limited. Our results suggest that the phosphatase genes in astrocytes may regulate the immunological and pathological reactions caused by HSV-1 CNS infection through the regulation of HSV-1 replication or of multiple signal transduction pathways.

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Approaching Electroencephalographic Pathological Spikes in Terms of Solitons

Tozzi

2024

Signals

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A delicate balance between dissipative and nonlinear forces allows traveling waves termed solitons to preserve their shape and energy for long distances without steepening and flattening out. Solitons are so widespread that they can generate both destructive waves on oceans’ surfaces and noise-free message propagation in silica optic fibers. They are naturally observed or artificially produced in countless physical systems at very different coarse-grained scales, from solar winds to Bose–Einstein condensates. We hypothesize that some of the electric oscillations detectable by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) could be assessed in terms of solitons. A nervous spike must fulfill strict mathematical and physical requirements to be termed a soliton. They include the proper physical parameters like wave height, horizontal distance and unchanging shape; the appropriate nonlinear wave equations’ solutions and the correct superposition between sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waves. After a thorough analytical comparison with the EEG traces available in the literature, we argue that solitons bear striking similarities with the electric activity recorded from medical conditions like epilepsies and encephalopathies. Emerging from the noisy background of the normal electric activity, high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG soliton-like pathological waves with relatively uniform morphology and duration can be observed, characterized by repeated, stereotyped patterns propagating on the hemispheric surface of the brain over relatively large distances. Apart from the implications for the study of cognitive activities in the healthy brain, the theoretical possibility to treat pathological brain oscillations in terms of solitons has powerful operational implications, suggesting new therapeutical options to counteract their detrimental effects.

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Pathogenesis of Encephalitis

Cited by 3 publications

References 352 publications

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis presenting as relapsing psychosis

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis presenting as relapsing psychosis

The Modulation of Phosphatase Expression Impacts the Proliferation Efficiency of HSV-1 in Infected Astrocytes

Approaching Electroencephalographic Pathological Spikes in Terms of Solitons

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