“…These are recognized by the immune system receptors NOD1 and TLR2, and this stimulates inflammation [24]. Numerous studies have shown that most known pathogens produce OMVs [3,25,26]. This thesis is supported by analyses of infected tissues as well as morphological and biochemical evidence.…”
Section: Effects Of Membrane Vesicles On Human Cellsmentioning
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Recently, several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called “secretion system type zero”), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). This review examines the role of MVs as transporters of virulence factors and the interaction of toxin-containing vesicles and other protein effectors with different human cell types. We focus on the unique ability of vesicles to cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver protein effectors from intestinal or oral bacteria to the central nervous system.
“…These are recognized by the immune system receptors NOD1 and TLR2, and this stimulates inflammation [24]. Numerous studies have shown that most known pathogens produce OMVs [3,25,26]. This thesis is supported by analyses of infected tissues as well as morphological and biochemical evidence.…”
Section: Effects Of Membrane Vesicles On Human Cellsmentioning
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Recently, several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called “secretion system type zero”), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). This review examines the role of MVs as transporters of virulence factors and the interaction of toxin-containing vesicles and other protein effectors with different human cell types. We focus on the unique ability of vesicles to cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver protein effectors from intestinal or oral bacteria to the central nervous system.
“…The structure and composition of MVs secreted by different bacteria are different. It was reported that proteins, nucleic acids, toxins could be packaged into MVs ( Schwechheimer and Kuehn, 2015 ; Gilmore et al, 2021 ). MVs play a significant role in biological processes including virulence, horizontal gene transfer ( Chatterjee et al, 2017 ; Bielaszewska et al, 2020 ), export of cellular metabolites ( Orench-Rivera and Kuehn, 2016 ), phage infection and cell-to-cell communication ( Zingl et al, 2020 ).…”
Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibits extensive phenotypic and genetic diversity. Higher plasmid loads in the cell were supposed to play an key role in its genome diversity. Although some plasmids are widely distributed in Kp populations, they are poorly recognized. A plasmid named p2 in strain Kp1604 was predicted to be an intact prophage like Salmonella phage SSU5. However, our study showed that p2 was specifically packaged into membrane vesicles (MVs) rather than phage particles triggered by mitomycin C and subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. p2-minus mutant Kp1604Δp2 did not affect MV production. Compared with Kp1604, the capacity of plasmid uptake and the amount of phage burst of Kp1604Δp2 were improved. Moreover, virulence of Kp1604Δp2 also increased. Our results indicated that p2 could contribute to the host defense against the invasion of transferable DNA elements at the cost of reduced virulence. Further study on the mechanism will help us understand how it provides adaptive phenotypes to host evolution.
“…Some of the PRRs located in the intestinal epithelial cells contain the cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Either TLR or NOD-like receptor (NLR) families are stimulated in response to bacterial EVs with crucial roles in OMV/MV-mediated pathologies [ 26 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Bacterial Evsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…MVs structure in pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, known also as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), are nano-sized and originate from the cells’ outer membrane (OM). Whereas, Gram-positive bacteria-derived MVs are released from the single cytoplasmic cell membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan-rich cell wall [ 26 ]. It has been postulated that microorganism EVs contain virulent factors and pathogenic compounds that help in the progression of infection in the host cells.…”
Every single cell can communicate with other cells in a paracrine manner via the production of nano-sized extracellular vesicles. This phenomenon is conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes (Exos) are the main inter-cellular bioshuttles with the potential to carry different signaling molecules. Likewise, bacteria can produce and release Exo-like particles, namely microvesicles (MVs) into the extracellular matrix. Bacterial MVs function with diverse biological properties and are at the center of attention due to their inherent therapeutic properties. Here, in this review article, the comparable biological properties between the eukaryotic Exos and bacterial MVs were highlighted in terms of biomedical application.
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