Pathogenesis and Immune Responses in Gnotobiotic Calves after Infection with the Genogroup II.4-HS66 Strain of Human Norovirus

Souza, Menira; Azevedo, Marli S.P.; Jung, Kwonil; Cheetham, Sonia; Saif, Linda J.

doi:10.1128/jvi.01347-07

Cited by 147 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The first approach is represented by the human NoV chimpanzee, gnotobiotic pig or gnotobiotic calf models (Bok et al, 2011;Cheetham et al, 2006;Souza et al, 2008). Recently, promising data on the development of a human NoV mouse model have also been reported (Taube et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Farkas

2015

Journal of General Virology

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Human noroviruses are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the lack of an efficient human norovirus cell culture system coupled with an animal model, human norovirus research mainly relies on human volunteer studies and surrogate models. Current models either utilize human norovirus-infected animals including the gnotobiotic pig or calf and the chimpanzee models, or employ other members of the family Caliciviridae including cell culture propagable surrogate caliciviruses such as the feline calicivirus, murine norovirus and most recently the Tulane virus. One of the major features of human noroviruses is their extreme biological diversity, including genetic, antigenic and histo-blood group antigen binding diversity, and possible differences of virulence and environmental stability. This extreme biological diversity and its effect on intervention/prevention strategies cannot be modelled by uniform groups of surrogates, much less by single isolates. Tulane virus, the prototype recovirus strain, was discovered in 2008. Since then, several other novel recoviruses have been described and cell culture adapted. Recent studies indicate that the epidemiology, the biological features and diversity of recoviruses and the course of infection and clinical disease in recovirus-infected macaques more closely reflect those properties of human noroviruses than any of the current surrogates. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about recoviruses, highlight their biological similarities to human noroviruses and discuss applications of the model in addressing questions relevant for human norovirus research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhesus enteric calicivirus surrogate model for human norovirus gastroenteritis

Farkas

2015

Journal of General Virology

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“…Table 1 includes a summary of the animal studies and their ability to stimulate immune responses. Gnotobiotic pigs 92 and calves 93 were found to be successfully permissive for infection with human NoV GII.4. Low-to-moderate levels of serum-specific IgG and IgA were induced, 93 moreover, gnotobiotic pigs and calves inoculated orally/intranasally with a VLP expressing human NoV GII.4 mounted Th1 (IFN-g, IL-12) and/or Th2 responses (IL-4).…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gnotobiotic pigs 92 and calves 93 were found to be successfully permissive for infection with human NoV GII.4. Low-to-moderate levels of serum-specific IgG and IgA were induced, 93 moreover, gnotobiotic pigs and calves inoculated orally/intranasally with a VLP expressing human NoV GII.4 mounted Th1 (IFN-g, IL-12) and/or Th2 responses (IL-4). 93,94 Following homologous challenge, this model was able to mount systemic immune responses ( Table 1).…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-to-moderate levels of serum-specific IgG and IgA were induced, 93 moreover, gnotobiotic pigs and calves inoculated orally/intranasally with a VLP expressing human NoV GII.4 mounted Th1 (IFN-g, IL-12) and/or Th2 responses (IL-4). 93,94 Following homologous challenge, this model was able to mount systemic immune responses ( Table 1). The same model was used further to compare the efficacy of P particles and VLPs derived from GII.4 against NoV infection.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, HuNoV was experimentally used to infect chimps, gnotobiotic pigs or calves. 89,92,93 Recently, a human NoV mouse model has been advanced. 122 The main advantage of using this model is the use of human viruses in an easy manipulated small animal model suggested to provide a useful resource for evaluating anti-NoV therapies.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations

Melhem

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI-GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.

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