Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Great Apes is a Growing Threat to Primate Conservation

Dunay, Emily; Apakupakul, Kathleen; Leard, Stephen; Palmer, Jamie L.; Deem, Sharon L.

doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1306-1

Cited by 72 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Due to their close phylogenetic relationships, nonhuman primates (NHPs) might serve as reservoirs for several human diseases, and reciprocally, human pathogens can have devastating impacts on endangered NHP populations (Calvignac-Spencer, Leendertz, Gillespie, & Leendertz, 2012;Dunay, Apakupakul, Leard, Palmer, & Deem, 2018). In captive settings the potential for such transmission can be facilitated by close physical contact between NHPs and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In captive settings the potential for such transmission can be facilitated by close physical contact between NHPs and humans. In the wild potential transmission pathways can be influenced by human populations growth, habitat alteration and potentially also conservation activities such as ecotourism, resulting in increased proximity and subsequent pathogen exchange between humans and wildlife (Dunay et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

et al. 2019

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The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) can result in a high potential for pathogen exchange. In recent decades, NHP and human interactions have become more frequent due to increasing habitat encroachment and ecotourism. Strongylid communities, which include members of several genera, are typically found in NHPs. Using optimized high‐throughput sequencing for strain‐level identification of primate strongylids, we studied the structure of strongylid communities in NHPs and humans co‐habiting a tropical forest ecosystem in the Central African Republic. General taxonomic assignment of 85 ITS‐2 haplotypes indicated that the studied primates harbour at least nine genera of strongylid nematodes, with Oesophagostomum and Necator being the most prevalent. We detected both host‐specific and shared strongylid haplotypes. Skin‐penetrating Necator gorillaehaplotypes were shared between humans and gorillas but Necator americanus were much more restricted to humans. Strongylid communities of local hunter‐gatherers employed as trackers were more similar to those of gorillas compared to their relatives, who spent more time in villages. This was due to lower abundance of human‐origin N. americanus in both gorillas and trackers. Habituated gorillas or those under habituation did not show larger overlap of strongylids with humans compared to unhabituated. We concluded that the occurrence of the human‐specific strongylids in gorillas does not increase with direct contact between gorillas and humans due to the habituation. Overall, our results indicate that the degree of habitat sharing between hosts, together with mode of parasite transmission, are important factors for parasite spillover among primates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

et al. 2019

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“…Yet relatively few NHP microbiome studies have been conducted, and even fewer on great apes, whose genetic proximity, adaptability across multiple ecological zones and to changing alimentary regimens, and co-speciation of some gut bacteria render them a useful model [18][19][20] . Such studies are also valuable because the conservation status of great apes is threatened 11,21,22 .…”

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confidence: 99%

A multi-disciplinary comparison of great ape gut microbiota in a central African forest and European zoo

Narat

Amato

Ranger

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Comparisons of mammalian gut microbiota across different environmental conditions shed light on the diversity and composition of gut bacteriome and suggest consequences for human and animal health. Gut bacteriome comparisons across different environments diverge in their results, showing no generalizable patterns linking habitat and dietary degradation with bacterial diversity. The challenge in drawing general conclusions from such studies lies in the broad terms describing diverse habitats (“wild”, “captive”, “pristine”). We conducted 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize intestinal microbiota of free-ranging sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in southeastern Cameroon and sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in a European zoo. We conducted participant-observation and semi-structured interviews among people living near these great apes to understand better their feeding habits and habitats. Unexpectedly, bacterial diversity (ASV, Faith PD and Shannon) was higher among zoo gorillas than among those in the Cameroonian forest, but zoo and Cameroonian chimpanzees showed no difference. Phylogeny was a strong driver of species-specific microbial composition. Surprisingly, zoo gorilla microbiota more closely resembled that of zoo chimpanzees than of Cameroonian gorillas. Zoo living conditions and dietary similarities may explain these results. We encourage multidisciplinary approach integrating environmental sampling and anthropological evaluation to characterize better diverse environmental conditions of such investigations.

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“…Of concern to conservation, spillover from humans and livestock is also observed (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii from felines, including domestic cats, to sea otters [49], giardia, pneumonia, Escherichia coli and others to primates [50]). Biodiversity is much discussed in the context of health [51,52].…”

Section: Conservation and Degradation Affect Disease Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging challenges of infectious diseases as a feature of land systems

Vanwambeke

Linard

Gilbert

2019

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

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The association of infectious diseases to the environment, and in particular land use, has long been known but has regained interest in the late 20 th century in relation to global environmental change. We identify four major challenges for which disease ecologists and land use scientists should collaborate further to understand how land systems affect health. First, the multifactorial determinants of the complex ecological systems of infectious diseases should be better acknowledged. Second, new challenges appear in urban areas in relation to their dynamics. Third, livestock raising, as a component of land systems, creates specific types of ecological interfaces. Fourth, tensions discussed in the land use community regarding conservation must account for issues related to the health of human, livestock and wildlife. We use those four illustrations to show how disease ecologists and land use scientists could tighten their collaboration. Highlights• Different land use changes correspond to different effects on pathogen dynamics • Current pressing questions in land use should explore the related health issues • Disease ecology would benefit from more nuanced considerations of land systems

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Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Great Apes is a Growing Threat to Primate Conservation

Cited by 72 publications

References 52 publications

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: Do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms?

A multi-disciplinary comparison of great ape gut microbiota in a central African forest and European zoo

Emerging challenges of infectious diseases as a feature of land systems

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