Pathogen interactions with endothelial cells and the induction of innate and adaptive immunity

Abstract

There are over 10 trillion endothelial cells (EC) that line the vasculature of the human body. These cells not only have specialized functions in the maintenance of homeostasis within the circulation and various tissues but they also have a major role in immune function. EC also represent an important replicative niche for a subset of viral, bacterial, and parasitic organisms that are present in the blood or lymph; however, there are major gaps in our knowledge regarding how pathogens interact with EC and how this influences disease outcome. In this article, we review the literature on EC-pathogen interactions and their role in innate and adaptive mechanisms of resistance to infection and highlight opportunities to address prominent knowledge gaps.

Beyond Anti-viral Effects of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine

“…Considering CQ/HCQ and pathogens direct interactions, only the interference of CQ and Plasmodium, via hemozoin crystallization inhibition leading to parasite death, has been clearly documented (58). Immunity against infectious agents, including bacteria, virus or fungus, also involve vessels, and inflammation at the endothelium level (59). In this view, CQ/HCQ has been suggested to prevent prothrombotic state and endothelial dysfunction (60,61).…”

Metabolic profiling during malaria reveals the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in regulating kidney injury

“…During Pc infection, the sequestration of infected RBCs to endothelial cells in the microvasculature leads to endothelial activation and disrupted barrier integrity ( Miller et al, 2013 ). Foreign antigens in the blood interact with endothelial cells, which can promote innate and adaptive immune responses ( Danese et al, 2007 ; Konradt and Hunter, 2018 ). AHR is also expressed in endothelial cells, where it regulates blood pressure and vascular development ( Agbor et al, 2011 ; Walisser et al, 2005 ).…”

Revisiting Ehrlichia ruminantium Replication Cycle Using Proteomics: The Host and the Bacterium Perspectives

“…Endothelial cells (ECs) can be infected by several bacterial species, including Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma (as reviewed in [31]). However, there are many gaps in the knowledge about how these pathogens interact with their host endothelial cells, and how this process can result in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, leading to cardiovascular diseases [32].…”