Pathogen Infection Recovery Probability (PIRP) Versus Proinflammatory Anti-Pathogen Species (PIAPS) Levels: Modelling and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Current CoVID-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly worldwide, and it may become one of the largest pandemic events in modern history if out of control. It appears most of the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection resulted deaths are mainly due to dysfunctions or failures of the lung or multiple organs that could be attributed to host's immunodysfunctions particularly hyperinflammatory type disorders. In this brief review and study, a math model is proposed to correlate the Pathogen Infection Recovery Probability (PIRP) versus Proinflammatory Anti-Pathogen Species (PIAPS) levels within a host unit, where a maximum PIRP is exhibited when the PIAPS levels are equal to or around PIAPS equilibrium levels at the pathogen elimination or clearance onset. Based on this model, rational or effective therapeutic strategies at right stages or timing, with right type of agents (immuno-stimulators or immuno-suppressors), and right dosages, may be designed and implemented that are expected to effectively achieve maximum PIRP or reduce the mortality.

<p>The Current Recommended Drugs and Strategies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</p>

“…34 A valuable model for correlating the Pathogen Infection Recovery Probability (PIRP) in competition with Pro-inflammatory Anti-Pathogen Species (PIAPS) levels within a host unit was proposed by Shajing Sun. 35 Correspondingly, the mentioned researcher has also reported that the maximum PIRP was exhibited when the PIAPS levels were either equal to or around the PIAPS equilibrium levels at the pathogen elimination or clearance onset. For performing a successful treatment, it is very important to improve the host's PIRP and more important to prevent the cytokine storm.…”

“…Accordingly, their results showed that immune deficiency or imbalance adaptive immune response condition may worsen the COVID-19 patients' condition. [33][34][35] So, efforts to maintain a balanced and optimal immunity focusing on this pathway can help in the prevention, management, and treatment of this disease, as well as providing some important information for the drug development of COVID-19.…”

Bacteria Emerging As an Opportunistic Pathogen

“…have been identified in shower curtains and showerhead biofilms. Infection shows mild clinical symptoms such as fever, but are also responsible for bacteremia, peritonitis, and pneumonia [27].…”