Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns

Cavaillon, Jean‐Marc

doi:10.1002/9783527692156.ch2

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 233 publications

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“…These receptors recognize highly conserved motifs known as PAMPs or DAMPs. PRRs dictate the initiation of an adequate and effective innate immune response, as well as the activation of the adaptive immune response to infection or inflammation [28]. These PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeatcontaining receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) [29].…”

Section: Pattern Recognition Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

Muñoz‐Carrillo¹,

Castro-García²,

FranciscaChávez-Rubalcaba³

et al. 2018

Immunoregulatory Aspects of Immunotherapy

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The immune response is known as a physiological mechanism to protect the body, providing defense to different systems that compose it and allowing its proper functioning. The ability to keep the organism free from foreign agents depends on the mechanisms of natural resistance or innate immunity, as well as the resistance that can develop over time through adaptive immunity. However, when these defense mechanisms fail, it can trigger injuries and diseases in the tissues, such as hypersensitivity, which is characterized as an excessive and undesirable reaction, produced by the immune system; as well as autoimmunity, which refers to the failure of the mechanisms of immunological tolerance, causing the reaction of the immune system against the body itself.

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Section: Pattern Recognition Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

Muñoz‐Carrillo¹,

Castro-García²,

FranciscaChávez-Rubalcaba³

et al. 2018

Immunoregulatory Aspects of Immunotherapy

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Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species

et al. 2020

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Habitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity loss, responsible for an alteration of intraspecific patterns of neutral genetic diversity and structure. Although neutral genetic variation can be informative for demographic inferences, it may be a poor predictor of adaptive genetic diversity and thus of the consequences of habitat fragmentation on selective evolutionary processes. In this context, we contrasted patterns of genetic diversity and structure of neutral loci (microsatellites) and immune genes (i.e., toll-like receptors) in an understorey bird species, the wedge-billed woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus. The objectives were (1) to investigate forest fragmentation effects on population genetic diversity, (2) to disentangle the relative role of demography (genetic drift and migration) and selection, and (3) to assess whether immunogenetic patterns could be associated with variation of ectoparasite (i.e., ticks) pressures. Our results revealed an erosion of neutral genetic diversity and a substantial genetic differentiation among fragmented populations, resulting from a decrease in landscape connectivity and leading to the divergence of distinct genetic pools at a small spatial scale. Patterns of genetic diversity observed for TLR4 and TLR5 were concordant with neutral genetic patterns, whereas those observed for TLR3 and TLR21 were discordant. This result underlines that the dominant evolutionary force shaping immunogenetic diversity (genetic drift vs. selection) may be different depending on loci considered. Finally, tick prevalence was higher in fragmented environments. We discussed the hypothesis that pathogen selective pressures may contribute to maintain adaptive genetic diversity despite the negative demographic effect of habitat fragmentation on neutral genetic diversity.

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Anti-inflammatory Principles of the Plant Family Amaryllidaceae

Nair,

van Staden

2024

Planta Med

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There is considerable interest in the utilization of plants against inflammation. Over 50 species of the plant family Amaryllidaceae are known for such usage in traditional medicine. This review was undertaken to identify the chemical principles responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects. It describes the findings from in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies as well as the probes made on the mechanisms of action. The literature search returned over 600 hits, of which around 130 were chosen for their relevance to the text. Over 140 compounds have thus far been screened for anti-inflammatory effects. These were mostly isoquinoline alkaloids, but also included other classes of secondary metabolites such as chromones, flavonoids and triterpenoids. In vitro studies were carried out in mononuclear cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, against which no serious side effects were observed. The constituents were also effective against inflammation induced by physical and chemical stimuli in a variety of murine test subjects. Chief among the compounds were the isoquinoline alkaloids lycorine and narciclasine, which displayed potent effects against pain, swelling, asthma and arthritis amongst others. From a mechanistic perspective several of the compounds were shown to mediate in inflammatory pathways, notably via the modulation of both pro-inflammatory (such as NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1) and anti-inflammatory (such as IL-10 and TGF-β) factors. Useful insights also emerged from active-site docking studies of some of the compounds. The Amaryllidaceae affords a rich and diverse platform for the discovery of potential anti-inflammatory drugs.

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Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns

Cited by 3 publications

References 233 publications

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species

Anti-inflammatory Principles of the Plant Family Amaryllidaceae

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